版权转换性使用规则研究——以挪用艺术的合理使用判定为视角

Transformative Use of Copyrighted Works: from the Perspective of Judging Fair Use of Appropriation Art

转换性使用规则出现在美国版权法判例对合理使用四要素的判定分析中,由使用的目的和特点这一要素延伸而来。在该规则的发展过程中,美国法院的判决逐渐呈现出使用的目的转换和内容转换两类不同的情形,内容转换性使用的最新发展更多体现在对挪用艺术是否构成合理使用的判定上。但如何界定内容具有转换性尚未有清晰标准,也导致了其他国家在借鉴美国转换性使用规则,尤其是内容转换性使用时无从下手。本文旨从分析美国转换性使用规则的发展入手,解析转换性使用与改编权之间的关系,以及内容转换性使用存在的法律依据,以期为我国吸收借鉴转换性使用规则提供建议。

Transformative use first appeared in the analysis of the four elements of fair use analysis in the case of American copyright law, which was developed from the factor of "the purpose and characteristics of use" in the fourfactor balancing test. During the development of transformative use, the judgments in the United States courts inclined to divide transformative use into two categories: purpose transformativeness and content transformativeness. Content transformativeness is more applied to cases related to the determination of fair use of appropriation art. However, the unclear standard to judge content transformativeness has led to the difficulty for other countries to learn from the trans. formative use rules of the United States, especially content transformativeness. Thus, this article introduces the devel. opment of transformative use in the United States, analyzes the relationship between transformative use and derivative work right, and find out the legal basis for content transformativeness so as to provide suggestions for China to bring in the rules of transformative use.