美国气候基准站网建设及启示

A Brief Introduction to the U.S. Climate Reference Network

美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)已基本建设完成了一个全新的国家气候基准站网(USCRN)。USCRN旨在为美国提供一个新的基准气候观测网络平台,降低长期地表气温与降水序列中不可解释的变化,更好地监测国家气候并支持气候变化影响研究。该观测网当前所包含的站点为137个(最终达到145个),其中美国本土地区114个,阿拉斯加21个(最终将达到29个),夏威夷群岛2个,站点气候观测信息包括气温、降水、地面风速、土壤条件等。所有站点位置选择标准都极为严格,并保证未来观测环境长期不会改变,站点基本要素观测资料将不需要再进行任何非均一性处理和城市化影响偏差评估与订正。USCRN为全球气候观测系统建设树立了一个标杆,值得包括中国在内的所有国家在规划和设计本国气候观测系统时借鉴。

The U.S. climate reference network (USCRN) is a systematic and sustained network of climate monitoring stations with sites across the conterminous U.S., Alaska, and Hawaii. It is managed and maintained by the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The vision of this program is to provide a continuous series of climate observations with the minimum unexplained diversification for monitoring trends in the nation’s climate and supporting climate-impact research. Currently, there are 137 sites in the network, including 114 sites within the continental U.S., 21 sites in Alaska, and 2 sites in Hawaii. These stations use high-quality instruments to measure temperature, precipitation, wind speed, soil conditions, and so on. To avoid further homogeneity or urban impact test and calibration, strict criteria are applied for site selection to ensure the pristine quality of observatory environments in the future. Base on USCRN, NOAA began to deploy U.S. regional climate reference network (USRCRN) across the 9 NOAA climate regions with the same criteria since 2009 to monitor regional climate variation signal. In general, the USCRN could be taken as a benchmark for national climate observational system construction.