陪读妈妈:性别视角下农村妇女照料劳动的新特点——基于陕西省Y县和河南省G县的调查

Students’ Companying Mothers: New Dimensions of Rural Women’s Care Work from a Gender Perspective

随着农村中小学布局调整政策的不断深入、城乡教育资源与教育质量差距的持续扩大,越来越多的农村家庭通过把孩子送进城镇学校以满足对高质量教育的需求,并由此衍生出"陪读妈妈"群体。通过对陕西省Y县和河南省G县的调查,本文呈现了陪读妈妈的生活状况,并从性别视角及照料劳动视角对这一现象进行了讨论。研究发现,陪读以农村家庭劳动性别分工的重组为前提。陪读妈妈被固化在无酬照料劳动中,为劳动力市场所排斥,更要依赖孩子学习成绩决定其再生产劳动的价值。在城市场域中,陪读妈妈出轨与婚姻破裂的个别事件被放大,其群体被污名化,成为被区分的群体和政府治理的对象。当下国家经济发展模式与劳动体制使以家庭为基础的照料劳动女性化的意识形态得到进一步固化,不仅影响了妇女发展,而且阻碍了性别平等议程与社会发展。

Alongside the implementation of policy on school rezoning in the ountryside is an expansion of discrepancy in educational resource and quality between rural and urban areas. More and more rural families who hold high expectations for their children have sent them to urban schools,and thus created the group of"students’ companying mothers". This study examines the situation of these mothers based on fieldwork in County Y of Shaanxi Province and County G in Henan Province from the perspectives of gender and care work. It has found that the phenomenon of students’ companying mothers is an outcome of a new round of gender-based division of care work in rural families. These mothers are restricted in the unpaid care work,being excluded from the labor markets. The value of their care is being judged by their children’s studies. They are also wrongly judged by a few individual cases of these mothers’ extra-marital affairs as their group attributes. This stigmatization has made them a socially distinct group in cities and a target for social control. Thus,the feminization of family-based care work reinforced by the national labor regime and economic development has negatively affected not only women’s development but also the goal of gender equality in social development.