普遍法律行为概念的法理学重构——以“权能”概念为基础

Reconstruction of the General Concept of Juridic Act Within Jurisprudence: Based on the Concept of Competence

民法学者主张,法律行为概念为民法学专属,法理学或其他部门法学均不得僭越。中国法理学教科书中的法律行为概念因为过于简单而应当被放弃,但这不等于说,超越民法的普遍法律行为概念绝无存在的可能。借助权能概念,法理学可以主张法律行为概念的核心在于通过意志改变法律地位,同时坚称表意行为并不局限于民法。此概念成功的关键在于,应当将意志及其表达视为制度事实和言行行为理论中的宣告式言语行为。在作为构成性规则的授权规范的保证之下,特殊言语行为中的内容将被转变为制度事实。由此,民事法律行为概念只是普遍法律行为概念在民事领域中的变种,它只具备内容上的特殊性,不具备民法学者基于私法自治所宣称的结构特殊性。

Civil law scholars argue that the concept of juristic act is exclusive to civil law, and jurisprudence or other legal branches shall not arrogate. The concept of juristic act in Chinese jurisprudence textbooks is too rough, and should be abandoned, but this does not mean that the concept of universal juristic act transcending civil law is impossible. With the concept of competence, jurisprudence distinguishes between will-declaration act and non-will-declaration act. It advocates that the core of the concept of juristic act is to change the legal position by will, while insisting that will-declaration act is not limited to civil law. The key to success lies in regarding will and its declaration as institutional facts and declarative speech act within speech act theory. Under the guarantee of norms conferring competence as constitutive rules, the content of special speech acts will be transformed into institutional facts. Therefore, the concept of juristic act in civil law is only a variation of the concept of universal juristic act in the civil field. It only has the particularity of content, and does not possess the structural particularity claimed by civil law scholars on the basis of private autonomy.