电焊作业对低工龄作业人员健康的影响

Effect of welding operations on the health status of workers with low working age

目的探讨电焊作业对低工龄作业人员健康状况的影响,为低工龄作业人员职业健康风险评估提供依据。方法于2017年6月至2018年9月采用整群抽样的方法,随机抽取广州市某汽车厂电焊岗位982名工龄1~5年的工人为电焊组;选取单纯接触噪声的装配岗位707名工龄1~5年的工人和717名参加岗前职业健康检查的工人为对照,分别设为装配组和岗前组。对所有研究对象进行职业健康检查,并对电焊组和装配组作业工人的职业病危害情况进行现况调查和检测。结果电焊组和装配组岗位噪声超标率分别为59.3%(16/27)、47.4%(9/19),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);电焊组电焊烟尘、锰及其化合物的超标率均为11.11%(3/27)。电焊组作业工人的疾病或异常检出率为78.4%(770/982),高于装配组[70.2%(496/707)]和岗前组[53.0%(380/717)],差异均有统计学意义(χ2=14.92、122.37,P<0.01);装配组和电焊组作业工人的听力损失发生率分别为14.7%(104/707)和19.3%(190/982),且随着工龄的增加,听力损失发生率逐渐升高(χ2趋势=12.04、44.67,P<0.01);工龄为3年的电焊组作业工人发生听力损失的风险是装配组的2.70倍(P<0.01);电焊组作业工人肺通气功能障碍发生率为19.2%(189/982),且随着工龄的增加呈现升高的趋势(χ2趋势=15.97,P<0.01)。结论电焊作业损害低工龄作业人员的健康,增加作业工人听力损失和肺通气功能障碍的发生率,锰及其化合物可能增加噪声致听力系统的损害。

Objective To explore the impact of welding operations on the health status of workers with low working age, and provide a basis for occupational health risk assessment for workers of low working age. Methods Used the method of cluster sampling to randomly selected workers from an automobile manufacturing plant in Guangzhou as research subjects: 982 workers with welding posts of 1 year ≤working age ≤5 years were welding groups, 707 workers with simple exposure noise of 1 year ≤working age ≤5 years were assembly groups, and 717 workers in pre-job medical examinations were pre-job groups from June 2017 to September 2018. Then conducted occupational health checks on all subjects, investigated and detected the occupational hazards in welding posts and assembly posts. Results There was no statistical difference between the noise over-standard rate of welding posts'(59.3%, 16/27) and the assembly posts'(47.4%, 9/19)(P>0.05). The over-standard rate of welding fume, manganese and its inorganic compounds in welding posts was 11.11%(3/27). The results of occupational health examination showed that the detection rate of disease or abnormal of the welding group was 78.4%(770/982) higher than 70.2%(496/707) in the assembly group and 53.0%(380/717) in the pre-job group (the value of 2 were 14.92 and 122.37, respectively, P<0.05). The rate of hearing loss of the assembly group and the welding group were 14.7%(104/707) and 19.3%(190/982), respectively, which was higher than that of the pre-job group (10.5%, 75/717), and the hearing loss rate gradually increased with the increase of working age (the value of linear-by-linear association were 12.04 and 44.67, respectively, P<0.01). Compared with the hearing loss rate of each working age of the assembly group, the hearing loss rate of each working age of the welding group was higher, and when the working age was 3 years, the risk of hearing loss in the welding group was 2.70 times that of the assembly group (P<0.01). The rate of pulmonary dysfunction in the welding group was 19.2%(189/982) higher than that in the pre-job group (12.6%, 90/717), and it increased with the increase of working age (the value of linear-by-linear association was 15.97, P<0.01). Conclusion Welding work seriously damages the health of workers with low working age, increases the hearing loss of workers and the occurrence of pulmonary dysfunction;manganese and its compounds increases noise-induced damage to the hearing system.