晋唐方书兴盛的时代背景探析

Analysis on Historical Background of the Prosperity of Medical Formulary Books in the Jin and Tang Dynasties

晋唐经方类著作在总量上远超过医经类著作,使该期医学呈现出"重术轻理"的特征。试图从社会生活、文化、科技、医学教育等大背景入手,揭示方书兴盛的时代原因。在战乱年代,直接从方书中找寻治法,无疑是最快捷有效的自救方式,方书正因通俗的便民特质而易于流通。又因当时印刷术尚未普及,理论性医著的流通极其局限,医学教育又多是师徒之间的秘授,故大多数人无法接触到医学理论,因此理论性著作较少,方书中亦少有病因病机及组方理法的阐释。故不应忽略科技、教育等时代局限而将晋唐时期在方剂学发展史上的地位简单地定位于"经验用方的积累"阶段,若将晋唐经方与《诸病源候论》联系起来解读,或许会对其背后的组方理法收获更深刻的认识。

In the Jin and Tang Dynasties,formulary books outnumber the medical theory books,which made the medical science show the characteristics of "emphasizing techniques and despising theories". This article attempts to start from the background of social life,culture,science and technology,medical education,etc.,to reveal the reasons for the prosperity of formulary books. In the war years,it is undoubtedly the quickest and most effective way to find the treatment method and self-rescue directly from the formulary books. Formulary books were much easier to circulate because of their convenience and practicability. However,the public didn’t have access to the core theories of medicine because printing and medical education had not yet been popularized at that time and medical resources were limited to a small number of professional medical practitioners. That’s why the theoretical books were much fewer and pathogenesis of diseases and the principle of prescription were omitted in the medical formulary books. Therefore,we should not neglect the limitations of science and technology,education,etc.,and simply position the Jin and Tang Dynasties in the stage of "accumulation of experience" in the formulary development. If the formulary study of the Jin and Tang Dynasties is related to Treatise on the Origins and Manifestations of Various Diseases,it may gain a deeper understanding of the principles and methods of the formulae in the Jin and Tang Dynasties.