保证的罗马法基础与法典化构建

The Roman Law Foundations and Codification of Suretyship

作为最重要的担保方式之一,保证在罗马法中应用广泛,其法律制度已经得到了较为完善的构建。其中,保证之债的从属性、保证人的追索权、抗辩权等制度一直沿用至今。优士丁尼在进行《民法大全》编纂时即将保证作为一种特殊的要式口约规定于《法学阶梯》的债法部分中,这样的立法例被包括意大利在内的许多大陆法系国家民法典所继承。延续罗马法的传统,我国民法典分则的编纂工作应将保证作为一种有名合同重归于合同法分则。这不仅有利于梳理现行关于保证的规定并进行完善,也能够进一步明确合同法总则规定与保证合同之间的关系,实现民法典体系化的要求。

As one of the most important guarantee methods,the suretyship was widely used in ancient Rome,and its legal system had been well established correspondingly. The subordination of suretyship,the guarantor’s recourse right,defense right and other similar rules have been in use ever since. In the compilation of the Corpus Juris Civilis,this institution was defined as a special type of Stip- ulatio,regulated by the law of obligation. Such legislation is inherited by many civil law countries inclu- ding Italy. Following the tradition of Roman law,our codification work of civil law should reconcile the suretyship to the part of contract law,which not only helps to modify and improve the existing regulations on suretyship,but also further clarifies the relationship between general provisions of contract law and the contract of suretyship,so as to realize the systematization of civil code.