财产:“现代”与“后现代”之间的发展路径

The Property: Itineraries between “Modern” and “Pos-modern”

财产概念是主体与其利益需求相连接的物质集合,是关系的集合体。《拿破仑法典》开启了法律的现代化,在法律个人主义的背景下,财产被认为完全服务于其所有者,是中立的、无属性的外在存在,仅是反映所有者意志的法律角色。一战后,芬齐(Finzi)将研究重心从人与财产之间的关系转向财产本身,使得所有权的客体成为中心,提出所有权人在利用其所有物时要兼顾财产自身的经济、社会功能。1942年的《意大利民法典》与1948年的《意大利宪法》均接受了财产“功能主义”的观点。历史上存在的集体土地财产,在后现代法律秩序内被重新评估,并历史性地与环境价值相结合,超越公有财产与私有财产二元化的分类逻辑,成为第三类财产形态--共用财产。

The property can be defined as an entity combining the subject with his or her interests and needs,and therefore is always collectivity of relations. The Napoleon code proposes a lively testimo- ny of juridical modernity,in which the property with the mere function of serving its owner,is an exter- nal reality without any qualities,neutrally verifying the absoluteness of the owner’s dominant power. After the First World War,Finzi shifted the research focus from the relationship between person and property to the property itself,bringing the object of ownership to the central part,and proposing that the owner should take account of the economic and social functions of the property when exercising his/ her right. The“functionalism”of property is willingly accepted by both the Italian Civil Code of 1942 and the Italian Constitution of 1948. The collective land property that existed in history was re-evalua- ted in the post-modern legal system,and historically combined with environmental values,then tran- scended the classification of public property and private property,becoming another legal form-com- mon property.