双瓮漏斗式厕所标准追踪研究

The tracking evaluation on the standard of double urn funnel toilets

目的对《农村户厕卫生规范》(GB19379-2012)中的双瓮漏斗式厕所标准实施追踪研究,为高寒、少水地区“厕所革命”工作提供技术支撑。方法通过专家访谈、问卷调查、现场验证和对历史数据进行分析进行评价,并结合评价结果对双瓮漏斗式厕所进行探索创新设计。结果有76.2%的调查对象接受过该标准宣贯,93.2%的技术人员熟悉或了解该标准。可通过增设1个瓮体及1个人工湿地,形成前、中、后3个瓮体及1个人工湿地,将户厕蹲位迁入户内,用少量生活用水冲洗厕所,既可避免寒冷季节粪便结冰无法入瓮、又能防止瓮体粪便装满、溢出粪水污染土壤及地下水,还可以节约投资、提升家庭人员生活品质。结论《农村户厕卫生规范》是农村改厕的重要依据,需要在改厕模式和名词概念等方面不断修订完善;建议在西北缺水干旱地区,通过对双瓮漏斗式厕所因地制宜增加瓮体和人工湿地等解决粪便入瓮和清掏不便难题。

Objective To conduct a follow-up study on the standard implementation of the double urn funnel toilets specified in "Hygienic Specification for Rural Household latrine"(GB19379-2012), and provide technical support for the “toilet revolution” work in the alpine and low water areas. Methods Through expert interviews, questionnaire surveys, on-site verification and analysis of historical data, the standard was evaluated, and an innovative design of the double urn funnel toilet based on the evaluation results was developed. Results 76.2% of the respondents had accepted the standard, and 93.2% of the technicians were familiar with or understood the standard.In the extreme cold and water-deficient areas, a new type of double urn funnel toilet was designed by adding one urn body and one man-made wetland to form the front, middle, and rear urn bodies, and one man-made wetland. The toilet seat can be moved into the house, and the toilet can be flushed with a small amount of domestic water. Not only can this method avoid the freezing of feces in cold season, but it can also prevent soil and groundwater pollution caused by the filling and overflow of feces from the urn. Conclusion The hygienic standard in “Hygienic Specification for Rural Household Latrine” was important for rural toilet reform. It needs to be improved in terms of modes and concepts. It is suggested that in arid areas of Northwest China, adding urns and constructing wetlands to double urns funnel toilets may solve the problem of inconvenient manure ingestion and clearing.