沈德潜“忠孝观”诗学思想探论——从《杜诗偶评》到《清诗别裁集》

A Research on Shen Deqian’s Poetic View of Loyalty and Filial Piety:From Comment of Poems of Du Fu to Collection of Qing Poetry

沈德潜作为乾隆三大诗论家之一,其早期的“格调论”与“温柔敦厚”说等诗学观念已广为学界熟稔;然不太为人所熟悉的是,其后期文学活动虽然也秉持着昔时诗学观念,但不少行为已打上了时代烙印。这主要反映在其选评的《杜诗偶评》《清诗别裁集》二书上。《杜诗偶评》以“崇杜”为主,固然有出于诗学上的考虑,然现实因素可能是为了响应乾隆帝的“忠孝论”诗学主张——杜诗已逐渐被乾隆帝打造为“忠孝论”的诗学标杆;而《清诗别裁集》则更显出主动迎合和积极宣传“忠孝论”的现实考虑。

Shen Deqian is one of the three poetry theorists in the times of Qianlong emperor. His early poetics,such as“Style Theory”and “Poetics of Tenderness and Kindness”,has been widely used in academic circles. However,it is not well known that although its later literary activities also adhered to the view of poetics of the past,many behaviors have been branded with the times. This is mainly reflected in his two selected books,Comments of Poems of Du Fu and Collection of Qing Poetry. Comments of Poems of Du Fu focuses on the worship of poems by Du Fu. Although there are poetical considerations,the realistic factors in Comments of Poems of Du Fu are probably in response to emperor Qianlong’s poetical proposition of “Loyalty and Filial Piety”:poems by Du Fu has been gradually established as a poetic benchmark of “Loyalty and Filial Piety”by emperor Qianlong. However,Collection of Qing Poetry in Qing Dynasty shows the realistic consideration of actively pandering to and publicizing the theory of “Loyalty and Filial Piety”.