中国城市创新网络模式划分及效率比较

Taxonomy of Innovation Network Patterns and Comparison of Innovation Efficiencies of Chinese Cities

创新活动由个体创新向合作创新和由封闭式创新向开放式创新不断转变趋势下,城市创造、积累和吸收知识的差异成为解释城市创新效率差异的关键。基于289个城市合作专利数据,从城市内部和跨界创新联系强度视角划分中国城市创新网络模式,并对不同创新网络模式的创新效率进行比较。结果表明:(1)城市内部创新联系强度整体偏低,作为省域教育和科技中心的省会和对外开放度较低的老工业城市成为内部合作创新高地,城市跨界创新联系强度具有明显空间异质性,呈现东强西弱的空间格局,高水平创新联系强度的城市主要集中于东部沿海地区的京津冀、长三角、珠三角、海峡西岸城市群等主要城市群;(2)创新联系强度视角下中国城市创新网络模式呈现网络创新城市、外部创新城市、地方创新城市和孤立创新城市4种类型,其中东部地区城市创新网络模式空间格局呈现以网络创新城市为中心、外部创新城市为第二圈层、地方创新城市和孤立创新城市为外围圈层的同心圆分布格局;(3)不同创新网络模式的创新效率具有显著差异,处于创新网络核心位置的网络创新城市创新效率最高,其次是外部创新城市和地方创新城市,孤立创新城市创新效率最低。

In the trend of shifting from single to collaborative innovation and from closed to open innovation, the differences of creating, accumulating and absorbing knowledge among cities and regions have become crucial for accounting for the heterogeneities of innovation activities. A number of 289 cities at prefecture level and above in China were chosen as the objects of study and co-patent data was used as a proxy for relational data in order to establish a taxonomy on innovation network patterns from dimensions of intra-and inter-city interaction intensity. Based on the taxonomy, the innovation efficiencies of the case cities with different innovation network patterns were measured and compared by DEA approach. Results showed that:(1) Intra-city collaboration intensity were weak as a whole except provincial capitals which possessed most of high education and science resources and old industrial cities which were associated with a low degree of opening, whereas inter-city linkage intensity were characterized by evident spatial heterogeneities with a gradient weakened from the east to the west, and cities with high level of inter-city collaboration intensity were mainly distributed in major urban agglomerations in eastern China, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Changjiang River Delta region, the Zhujiang River Delta region and region of West Coast of Taiwan Straits for instance.(2) These cities were classified into four types, namely network city, outward city, local city and isolated city, based on the dimensions of intra-and inter-city network interaction intensity. Interestingly, the spatial distribution of the cities in eastern China were characterized by a combination pattern of concentric circle that network cities centered which were encircled by outward cities, while both local cities and isolated cities were mainly located in the outer circle.(3) Urban innovation efficiencies of the four types of innovation network patterns were significantly different. Network cities at the core position of the innovation network had the highest innovation efficiencies, followed by outward cities and local cities, and isolated cities were the lowest.