乾隆《潞安府志》所出“党参”考

Examinations of “Dangshen”in Qianlong Lu’an Fu Records

乾隆《潞安府志》有“党参”一条,从名称上看近似“上党人参”的简称或别名,但“上党人参”是五加科人参,而《潞安府志》所出“党参”却是桔梗科党参,二者并非一物。通过梳理清代本草,可知桔梗科党参的药用历史其实很短,至早在清代康熙年间使用,并且一开始是冒充“上党人参”出现的,而其名“党参”产生则更晚。随着人们使用日久,桔梗科党参成了公认的人参替代品,渐有“党参”之名,但此时各类文献中出现的“上党人参”“上党参”也同“党参”一样皆指桔梗科党参。

Qianlong Lu an Fu Records has an entry called “Dangshen”. It looks to be an abbreviated form or a byname of “Shangdang ginseng”. Yet “Shangdang ginseng” belongs to the Araliaceae family, while the “Dangshen” in Lu an Fu Records belongs to the Campanulaceae family, a different species. Through examinations of Qing Dynasty herbal medicine, we learn that the medicinal history of Dangshen of the Campanulaceae family was fairly short. It was used during the Reign of Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty at the earliest, and appeared at the very beginning as the counterfeit of “Shangdang ginseng”. The name “Dangshen” appeared even more late. As people grew accustomed to its usage, Dangshen of the Campanulaceae family became a generally accepted alternative of ginseng, but the names of “Shangdang ginseng”“Shangdang shen” appeared in all sorts of literature during this period all refer to Dangshen of the Campanulaceae family like “Dangshen”.