康德“道德的宗教”之实践功能

The Practical Function of Kant’s Conception of “Moral Religion”

康德认为,道德哲学本身并不需要宗教,但道德必然导向宗教。道德法则必然指向达到德福一致的至善,但这个目的却为我们人力所不能及,我们虽然能自主地追求道德,但幸福的获得却服从自然规律,处于我们的能力之外。为了在尘世中实现至善(而这也是具有道德的人的合理期望),必然需要假定上帝的存在。上帝不可能在理论上得到证明,它是由于实践理性的需要而被假设为必然要存在的,所以,这种宗教就是“道德的宗教”,它被严格限制在纯粹理性的界限里。

Kant thought that moral philosophy does not need religion,but morality will lead to religion wtimately.Moral laws point to the “Whole Good” which means the necessary connection of virtue and happiness,which we could ont achieve by ourselves.We could pursue the morality autonomously,while the attainment of happiness should comply with natural laws that we could not grasp.To achieve the goal of the “Whole Good” in our mortal life,we should have the God.We could not demonstrate that the God is existent theoretically,but the God must be existent because of the requirement of practical reason.Therefore,this kind of religion is “moral religion”,which is restricted in the scope of pure reason.