内向与超越——刘宗周视域中的“四句教”

Introversion and Transcendence——“Si Ju Jiao” on the Perspective of Liu Zongzhou

“四句教”作为阳明学的核心表述,在王阳明生前已有争议。尤其是对“无善无恶”之说的不同诠释,在使得王阳明先验道德哲学解构的同时,更为心学的进一步禅化埋下了伏笔。刘宗周作为“理学殿军”,目睹阳明学之流弊。他借助于理学、气学的理论资源,以“意”为中心,通过整合理学诸范畴,在蕺山学视域中,批评了“四句教”中对“意”的定位,将“意”提升至本体高度,并区分了“意”与“念”,将“知”“好”皆纳入“意”中,“意”由此得以从本体界贯穿至经验界,将儒学心性论所欲凸显的人的主体性推向了极致。这种改造使得心学更加内向,也更加超越,对于客观世界却更加无力。这导致刘宗周在通过“意”确认人的自由意志的同时,为了统一成德标准,又不得不回归到“以孔子之是非为是非”,走向了阳明学的反面。在一定程度上,将阳明学所忽视的客观世界无意间带入蕺山学中,埋下了反理学的种子,为明末清初学风的转变开辟了道路。

As a core expression of Yangming doctrine,“Si Ju Jiao” has been controversial in Wang Yangming’s life.In particular,the different interpretations of the “neither good nor evil” theory have made the deconstruction of Yangming’s transcendental moral philosophy,and foreshadow on the further study of the mind.As a “School of Science”,Liu Zongzhou witnessed the abuses of Yangming doctrine.With the help of the theoretical resources of Li and Qi,he used the “Yi” as the center.And through the whole rationalization of various fields,under the perspective of the study of Jishan,he criticized the positioning of “Yi” in the “Si Ju Jiao”,and upgraded to the height of the ontology,which distinguishing between “Yi” and “Nian”.“Zhi” and “Hao” are all included in “Yi”,and “Yi” can be passed from the ontology to the experience world which push the subjectivity of the person who wants to be highlighted in Confucianism and psychology to the extreme.This transformation made the philosophy of the mind more introverted and more transcendent,but more powerless to the objective world,and caused Liu Zongzhou to confirm the free will of the people through “Yi”.In order to unify the standards of virtue,it also has to return to “Taking the Right and Wrong of Confucius” which went to the opposite side of Yangming Doctrine.To a certain degree,the objective world neglected by Yangming doctrine was inadvertently brought into the study of Jishan,and the seeds of anti-science were buried,which opened the way for the transformation of the style of study in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.