大学治理中的学生权力审视及其实现路径

Examination and Realization of Student Power in University Governance

大学治理中的学生权力是指在大学重大事务决策过程中,学生依靠自身资源,为了某种利益诉求或实现某种权利而展现的对决策过程和组织结构产生影响和制约的能力。学生权力在西方高等教育发展中的历史经验表明,我国大学治理中学生权力的生发需要以完善的制度体系、繁荣的经济发展与成熟的参与型文化为依托,完成学生权力从“外在派生”向“内在生发”的转变。如今,学生权力在大学内外部的政策和制度设计中存在缺失,在组织中的功能异化及虚置问题凸显,学生主体在身份认同和对权力的认知态度上仍有局限。针对现实困境,需要完善学生权力的制度化建构,开辟多元畅通的学生权力行使渠道,构建基于身份认同的学生权力运行机制。

Student power in university governance refers to the ability of students to impact on the decisionmaking process and the organizational structure by relying on their own resources to pursue certain interests and realize certain rights during the process of university major affairs decision-making.From the perspective of university governance,the expression of student power not only answers the call for students' principal status in the stage of popularization of higher education in China,helps to promote the effective operation of democratic,pluralistic and multi-centered governance mode in universities,but also responds to the essence of talent cultivation in higher education.Student power in the development of higher education in the West has gone through fi ve stages,namely,the "peak period",the "minimal period",the "revival period",the "surging period" and the "rational reversion period".The historical experience of student power in the development of higher education in the West shows that the emergence of student power in university governance in China needs to base on a perfect system,a prosperous scene of economic development and a mature participatory culture to complete the transformation of student power from external derivation to internal generation.The manifestation of student power in university governance in China is mainly refl ected in two aspects: on the one hand,it has gradually become a consensus to build a modern university system with the core of university governance,and the system construction of student power in participating in university governance has been strengthened.On the other hand,the exercise of student power is an inevitable trend in improving the modern structure of university governance.Nowadays,the power of students in university governance is confronted with three obstacles.First,there is a lack of student power in the internal and external policies and system design of universities.On the one hand,in the system of government policies,laws and regulations,there is no legal confi rmation of student power and it is not clarifi ed as to the scope,responsibilities and norms of exercise of power;on the other hand,the discourse system of student power and qualifi cations is characterized by "homogeneity".There is a lack of clear expression,operational rules and procedural provisions of student power.Secondly,the problem of alienation and vacancy of student power in organizations is highlighted.It is mainly refl ected in the marginalization of power in students' self-organizing activities and the insuffi ciency of students' limited participation.Thirdly,there are still some limitations in students' identity and cognitive attitude towards power.It shows that students generally have common values,but they do not have self-confi dence in participation;they have motivation to participate,but they do not have the ability to engage in it;they have obvious tendency of opportunistic participation and lack of self-determination.In view of the realistic diffi culties,fi rst,we need to improve the institutionalized construction of student power.At the national legal level,it is necessary to enhance the legal level of students in university governance and provide the most stable source of legitimacy for students' participation.At the level of university internal system security,we should strengthen the provisions and implementation rules of students' participation in university governance in the university charter.Second,we should open up multiple and unimpeded ways for students to exercise their ability.It is necessary to optimize the organizational functions of student autonomous organizations,set up student representative seats in permanent institutions of schools and decision-making bodies of affairs management,enrich information participation channels and build a data sharing platform for students' needs.Third,construct the operation mechanism of student power based on identity and establish an equal dialogue and consultation mechanism.In addition,construct a "guidance-service" mechanism to enhance students' participation ability and establish a modelleading mechanism to form a value consensus of students to participate.