精准脱贫背景下建档立卡政策的增收效应测度:自我“造血”还是外部“输血”?

The Income Effects of Filing Riser Policy Under the Background of Targeted Poverty Alleviation:“Hematopoiesis” or “Transfusion”?

本文以甘肃、陕西、山西、江西、四川五个中西部省份农户与村级调研数据为样本,运用PSM-DID方法检验了建档立卡政策的增收效应。研究结果表明,建档立卡政策显著提高了贫困户的转移支付性收入,但是对贫困户的农业经营收入和转移就业收入的增收作用不明显。这一结论说明建档立卡政策虽然有助于国家扶贫资源向贫困户流动,但主要体现为直接的转移支付,并没有提升农户自身的发展能力,因而未能实现由“输血”向“造血”的转变。造成这一结果的原因在于:第一,扶贫资金主要被用于改善外部环境的普惠性项目,对促进贫困户内部积累、自我发展能力提升的特惠性项目具有一定的“挤出效应”;第二,贫困户对“造血式”扶贫项目参与度及效果评价都不高,且项目开展过程中存在非贫困户对贫困户的挤出效应,使得“造血式”扶贫项目效果打折;第三,扶贫开发催生了“福利依赖”现象,“等、靠、要”心态使得“输血式”扶贫项目更受贫困户的欢迎。最后,本文就如何进一步优化扶贫措施及扶贫激励机制给出了政策建议。

Based on the two-year panel data of rural households from Gansu,Shaanxi,Shanxi,Jiangxi and Sichuan in China,this study employs the PSM-DID method to examine the income effects of the filing riser policy.The results show that the filing riser policy has significantly increased the transfer payment of the poor households,while has no obvious effects on agricultural income and transfer employment income.This conclusion indicates that although the filing riser policy helps the resources to flow to the poor household,it is mainly reflected in direct transfer payment,which does not improve the farmers self-development ability or realize the transition from “transfusion” to “hematopoiesis”.The reasons are as follows:firstly,the poverty alleviation funds are mainly used for the projects to improve residents external environment,which has a crowding out effect on the preferential projects to enhance the poor household s internal accumulation and self-development ability.Secondly,the participation of “hematopoietic” poverty alleviation projects was low as well as the evaluation on these projects.In the implementation of the projects,the crowding out effect of non-poor households on the poor households also weakens the effectiveness of the projects.Thirdly,poverty alleviation measures spawn welfare dependence,making the “transfusion” poverty alleviation project more popular among the poor households.Moreover, policy suggestions are given to optimize further the poverty alleviation measures and the incentive mechanism.