新自由主义秩序下墨西哥土著居民的发展困境评析——以索盖人抗争格里哈尔瓦河水电开发事件为例

An Analysis of the Development Dilemma of the Mexican Aboriginals under the Neoliberal Order: A Case Study of the Zoque People to Fight against the Hydropower Development on the Grijalva River

从20世纪60年代起,墨西哥政府先后在土著居民索盖人(Zoque)聚居的格里哈尔瓦河流域修建了三座水电站。国家社团主义(Corporativismo de Estado)政策影响下的索盖人失去了水电站开发中的主体性,放弃了对自身权利的诉求。水电站运营后,索盖人遭遇洪灾、水土流失和生物多样性破坏等一系列问题,民族“美好生活”的文化之根亦遭到摧毁。20世纪80年代中后期,索盖人向各级政府和国家电力局反映水电站带来的环境问题,致力于推进新自由主义改革的墨西哥政府采取了消极回应的态度。在民族生存环境问题没有得到解决的情况下,联邦政府又于2014年启动了奇克森第二水电站项目,激起索盖人的持续抗争。联邦政府不仅没有回应索盖人的诉求,甚至不惜动用国家机器强制推进项目。索盖人的遭遇反映出20世纪80年代后墨西哥政府实施的新自由主义政策的实质。这一政策是在国家权力的干预下,在自由化与市场化的名义下,以牺牲少数民族与社会大众的利益为代价,实现资本向执政阶层和商业精英的集中与垄断的过程。这一建立在威权主义之上的新自由主义政策违背了公平、正义等多民族共同发展的前提,构成了民族运动新的政治经济基础。

Since the 1960s, the Mexican government has built three hydroelectric power stations in the Grijalva River where the Zoque people live. The Zoque people lost the subjective position and gave up their rights claims in the development of hydropower stations with the national corporativism order. After the 1980s, the Zoque people have suffered a series of environmental problems such as floods, soil erosion and biodiversity destruction, and their ethnic cultural root named good life was also destroyed. The Zoque complain to governments at different levels and the State Power Board about the environmental problems brought by hydropower stations,The Mexican government, which is committed to promoting neoliberal reforms, adopted a negative response. The federal government has launched a new hydropower project in 2014 while the existing problem has not been resolved, which caused the Zoque people continue their struggle. The federal government not only did not respond to the demands of the Zoque people, but even used the national machine to enforce the project. The Zoque’s experience shows the essence of the authoritarianism neo-liberal ruling order of Mexico after the 1980s. This ruling order is the process of realizing the concentration and monopoly of capital to the ruling class and the business elite with the intervention and support of state power in the name of liberalization and marketization and at the expense of the interests of the minority and the public. The authoritarian neoliberal policy violates the premise of the common development of multi-ethnicitics such as fairness and justice, and constitutes the new political and economic foundation of the ethnic movement.