新中国技术引进的历史检视

A Historical Review of the Introduction of Technology in New China

技术引进与自主创新是贯穿后发大国赶超型工业化进程的两大主题。新中国成立70年来,工业技术的升级与改造在西方技术封锁的条件下,既秉持独立自主、自力更生的技术进步路线,又在极端困难的外部环境下积极开展技术引进。从植根于独立自主到“以市场换技术”,再到在技术引进的同时强化对自主创新及核心技术研发的关注,不同历史时期的技术引进理念、技术引进主体以及技术引进方式经历了一个漫长的根据内外部条件进行“相机抉择”的自我调整过程,这一历史路径的变迁在当今国际大背景下有着特殊的启示和借鉴意义。历史证明,后发大国在工业化过程中必须将技术引进与自主创新紧密结合,才能发挥后发优势从而实现工业技术赶超。

The introduction of technology and independent innovation are two major themes in the process of catching-up with the industrialization of the late-developing countries. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China 70 years ago, the upgrading and transformation of industrial technologies have not only followed the path of independence and self-reliance but have also actively introduced technology under extremely difficult external circumstances. This proceeded from being rooted in independence to creating a “market for technology,” then to the long process of enhancing attention on independent innovation and research and development on the core technologies while introducing concepts, subjects, and modes of technology innovation and making adjustments according to internal and external conditions. The change in this historical path provided a special enlightenment and served as a significant reference in today’s international context. History shows that the late-developing countries must combine the introduction of technology with independent innovation during the process of industrialization, and only in this way can they give full play to their advantages and achieve a catch-up in industrial technology.