论庄子学派“逍遥”思想的流变

On the Evolution of Zhuangzi School’s Thought of “Liberty”

《庄子》中“外篇”“杂篇”在继承“内篇”思想的同时也产生了流变。以“逍遥”思想为例,在《逍遥遊》中有“用大”“适性”“无为”的不同。而“外篇”与“杂篇”由“崇大抑小”发展出相对主义的认识论,以及政治上的“用大”观念;由“物适其性”转变为“长生完身”的养生观念,并且肯定了礼义法度的合理性;由“无为”流变成“君无为而臣有为”,并提出了“内圣外王”的新内容。显然,这些共同构成了庄子学派的思想;而有关流变性的认识,是建构其思想体系的关键。

The“ outer”and“miscellaneous” chapters in Zhuangzi not only inherit the idea of“the inner” but also produce changes. Taking the idea of“ Leisure” as an example, there are differences in“the use of bigness”,“ suitability” and“inactivity” in The Happy Excursion. The“ Outer” and“ Miscellaneous”chapters developed the relativistic epistemology from“ advocating the bigness and suppressing the smallness”, thus leading to the concept of“ using the bigness in politics” as well. The concept of keeping in good health has changed from“material suitability” to“ long life with good health”. The rationality of the law of etiquette and justice has been affirmed. A new content of“ inner sage and outer king”is put forward from the“ general inactivity” to“ the emperor’s inaction but the ministers’ activity”. Obviously, these together constitute the thought of Zhuangzi School, and the understanding of its rheological property is the key to the construction of its ideological system.