洛阳关林戏楼及其戏曲碑刻考述

A Textual Study of Guanlin Opera Theater and Its Opera Stele Inscription in Luoyang

洛阳关林戏楼即千秋鉴楼,创建于清乾隆五十六年(公元1791年),坐南面北,位居高台之上,呈“凸”字形布局,分前后台。前台面阔3间,三面观,歇山式建筑,为表演场所;后台面阔5间,硬山式建筑,为演员休息、化妆以及候场之用。戏楼最顶部再置歇山式屋顶,使得千秋鉴楼像一座重檐楼阁。千秋鉴楼设计精巧,构筑绝妙。关林现存的戏曲碑刻有7通,从碑刻的刊刻时间来看,主要是清代的戏曲碑刻,明代仅有1通;从记载的内容来看,主要分为两类:一是关林戏楼的创建与重修,二是“助戏”以及每年的致祭献戏。虽是娱神娱人宗旨的体现,但客观上是对戏曲文化的传播和延续。

Guanlin Opera Theater in Luoyang, or Qiangqiujian, was founded in the 56th year of Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1791 A.D.). With a "convex" shape layout, the theater is situated in the South and facing the north on a high platform and divided into foreground and background. As a performance stage in Xieshan-styled architecture, the front stage is approximately tantamount to three rooms in space and tri-sided open;the back stage in duel-sloped stylistic architecture is about five rooms spacious for the rest, makeup and waiting of actors. The Xieshan-styled roof was restructured at the top of the stage building, making Qiangqiujian resemble a double-eave pavilion, demonstrating an exquisitely designed and beautifully constructed masterpiece. There are seven existing opera stele inscriptions in Guanlin, judged from the time of the inscriptions;they are mainly in the Qing Dynasty, with only one in the Ming Dynasty. From the content of the records, they can be divided into two categories: the first is the creation and reconstruction of Guanlin Opera Stage, the other is the "assisting operas" and the annual sacrificial drama. Although it embodies the purpose of entertaining gods and people, it is objectively the dissemination and continuation of opera culture.