新中国70年科技创新发展:从技术模仿到自主创新

Development of Science and Technologyin 70 Years of New China: From Technology Imitation to Independent Innovation

本文系统回顾了中华人民共和国70年科技事业发展历程。首先,在计划经济时代,我国科技事业主要采取的是国家驱动的发展模式,即由国家动员科技队伍,投入科研经费,决定科学发展的方向、规模和最终目标。虽然在十年“文革”期间科技事业遭到严重的扭曲,但在苏联的帮助下,我国科技事业初见规模,为随后的科技发展打下了良好的基础。其次,改革开放40年,中国创新模式从最开始的引进消化模仿再创新,逐渐转变到集成创新,最终的目标是增强各个领域的原始创新。到2018年,我国科技水平实现了跨越式提升,多项创新指标位居世界前列,成为全球具有重要影响力的科技大国。最后,本文以《国家创新驱动发展战略纲要》为指导方针,正视中国与发达国家的科技差距,为实现“三步走”战略目标提供政策建议。

This paper systematically reviews the development of science and technology over the past 70years since the founding of the PRC.First,technological development was mainly driven by the central government in the planned economy. That is,the central government took charge of mobilizing the scientific staffs,investing research funds,deciding the scientific domain,scale,and ultimate goals.Although the development of science and technology was seriously distorted during the Cultural Revolution,it began to take shape and laid a solid foundation for the future technological advance with the help of the former Soviet Union.Second,during the 40years of the reform and opening up,China’s innovation mode has switched from the imitative innovation to the integrated innovation,and further to original innovation.By 2018,China’s science and technology has achieved great improvements and many technological innovation indicators have ranked at the forefront of the world.Now China has become one of the major technological economies around the world. Last,based on the National Innovation-Driven Development Strategy Program issued in 2016,this paper provides policy recommendations for the realization of the“three-step”strategic goals.