磷基负极材料在金属离子电池中的现状与趋势

Status and development trend of phosphorus-based materials applied in metal ion battery anode

新能源汽车的高速发展,对电池材料的能量密度提出更高的要求。磷由于具有比容量高、倍率性好、资源丰富、价格低廉等特性而被视为最具潜力的金属离子电池负极材料之一。针对磷基负极材料在电化学循环过程中存在的体积膨胀率大、循环性能差、导电性差等缺点,将磷与不同材料复合可以提升其电化学性能。本文重点综述了红磷与不同碳材料的复合,复合材料的制备方法、结构设计以及每种复合材料对电化学性能的影响、每种材料的不足及改进措施:天然多孔碳与红磷结合既可保证材料的电化学性能又可控制材料的成本,逐渐成为一种趋势。接着,综述了以红磷为原料制备不同金属磷化物的研究进展,包括不同金属磷化物的晶体结构、制备方法、电化学循环过程中的氧化还原机制以及每种金属磷化物的研究意义:不同金属磷化物用在合适的特定工作环境下可以取得事半功倍的效果。最后,对磷基材料在金属离子电池中的应用前景进行了展望:研究过程以密度泛函理论、第一性原理等手段指导磷基材料的设计,采用真空和超重力等方式对红磷转化加以控制,最终实现对磷基材料大规模、低成本、高安全的应用。

With the development of new energy vehicles, we need find higher energy density materials to match the new battery system. Phosphorus-based material is considered as one of the most promising anode materials in the metal ion batteries system due to its high specific capacity, good rate performance, abundant resources as well as its low price. In order to improve the properties of phosphor-based material’s disadvantages, such as its super large volume expansion rate, poor cyclic performance and poor conductivity during the electrochemical process, combining the red phosphorus with different materials can achieve this goal. This paper summaries the research progress of composites of red phosphorus combining with different kinds of carbon materials intensively, the methods of synthesizing red phosphorus-carbon composites, structural design, electrochemical performance and the deficiencies of this kind of material as well as it’s solution. The combination of natural porous carbon and red phosphorus can not only ensure the electrochemical properties of the composite but also control the cost. What’s more, the different metal phosphides made up from red phosphorus and metal powder, including crystal structure of metal phosphide, preparation method, oxidation-reduction mechanism of electrochemical cyclic process as well as every material’s significance among the research of metal phosphides, are also summarized. The different metal phosphatides working in suitable environments will own unexceptionable effect. Finally, it is proposed to use the density functional theory and first principle in the researches of phosphor-based materials, and vacuum and supergravity to control the conversion of red phosphorus, realizing large-scale, low-cost and high-security application of phosphor-based materials in metal ion battery finally.