美国运动员培养和保障体系研究

Research on the Athlete Cultivation and Welfare System in the United States

本文采用文献资料法、专家访谈法等对美国运动员培养和保障体系的特点进行了分析与研究,旨在为我国运动员保障工作和后备人才培养工作提供有益参考。结果表明:美国对高水平运动员的培养和保障体系特色鲜明,运动员的发展路径清晰,美国大学生体育协会、奥委会、职业体育联盟、安全运动中心等机构为不同级别的运动员提供了各类福利保障和职业发展机会。美国在运动员培养和保障方面形成的诸多典型经验,值得我们吸收和借鉴。建议:我国运动员发展路径应更加多元化;更好地发挥运动员保障部门的作用,使相关工作能够贯穿从运动员入队到退役安置整个过程;引入商业保险,为运动员提供长期保障;加大对运动员就业创业的扶持力度。

Through the methods of literature review and expert interviews, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the athlete cultivation and welfare system in the United States, with aim to provide some constructive suggestions for the work of fostering talented athletes and improving athletes’ welfare in China. The conclusions include: the athlete cultivation and welfare system in the United States has its own unique features;there is a clear pathway for the athletes’ development;the institutions such as NCAA, USOC, NCSS and professional sports leagues have been providing caring policies and career opportunities for athletes of different levels. We could draw on the valuable experience gained by the US in this regard. It is suggested that we diversify the development pathways for our athletes and make full use of the athlete welfare departments so as to care for athletes through the whole process from enrollment into sports teams to retirement. It is also advised that commercial insurances should be offered to athletes as a lifetime guarantee, and the support for athletes with regard to their employment and entrepreneurship should be strengthened.