日本明治维新后期的教育发展转向及当今思考

Educational Turn in the Later Period of Meiji Restoration and Its Contemporary Reflections

日本明治维新在19世纪80年代尤其是明治十四年(1881年)政变后逐渐实现了一个转折,在这次转折过程中,日本的自由民权运动遭遇挫折,内阁成立并只对天皇负责,以"天皇主权论"为核心的近代天皇制确立并得到巩固。与此同时,日本的教育领域也发生了明显的转向,在指导思想上,从以文明开化、大力学习西方教育为主导逐渐转向以我为主、批判吸收为主导;在教育培养目标上,从培养"国民"逐渐转向了培养"臣民";在教育改革的具体实施上,从急功近利式的教育改革逐渐转向注重国家实情的教育建设。

The Meiji Restoration of Japan witnessed a turning point in the 1880 s, especially in the 14 th year of the Meiji period. In the course of this turning, the free and civil rights movement suffered setbacks in Japan. The cabinet system was established and was only responsible to the emperor. The modern imperial system with "Emperor’s Sovereignty" as the core was established and consolidated. At the same time, the education has also undergone a significant shift in direction. The guiding ideology turned from learning the civilized development of Western education to the self-orientation and critical absorption of the experience of other countries. The education goals also turned from the previous cultivation of "nationals" to the cultivation of "subjects of a feudal ruler". In the concrete implementation of the educational reform, the previous education reform with quick success and benefit turned to the education construction that stressed the national reality. The education reform in the later period of the Meiji Restoration in Japan has some enlightenment for Chinese education in the background of comprehensively deepening our educational reforms.