从康德到马克思的历史逻辑与逻各斯精神

Historical Logic and the Spirit of Logos from Kant to Marx

西方逻各斯精神在康德的辨证历史观中得到双重呈现,人类普遍历史的合规律性进程实则只是人类纯粹理性站在道德的高度反思全部人类社会的结果。正是囿于这种先验设定,历史与逻辑在康德哲学中只能达到外在的统一性。黑格尔扬弃了康德的先验预设的理性原则,将人类历史的辨证发展进程看作是世界理性的客观理念的实现过程,由此使历史与逻辑获得了内在统一性,并将辨证历史观提升为普遍方法论。马克思则进一步扬弃了黑格尔哲学的唯心主义本体论基础,将历史与逻辑的统一性原则奠定在物质世界和人的劳动实践活动中,由此使之成为一种真正科学的方法论。

The western logos spirit was presented in Kant’s dialectical view of history. The regularity process of human history was only the result of human reflection on the whole human society. Due to this transcendental feature and dualistic thinking, in Kant’s philosophy, history and logic achieved only external unity. Hegel sublated Kant’s rational principle out of transcendental presupposition and regarded the process of dialectical development of human history as the process of realizing the idea of objective reason, thus making history and logic internally unified and elevating the dialectical view of history to a universal methodology. Marx further sublated the idealistic ontological basis of Hegelian philosophy and laid the principle of unity of history and logic in the real world and human labor practice, thus making it a truly scientific methodology.