征地补偿义务主体的制度困境与对策研究

A Study on the Subject of Compensation Obligation for Land Expropriation: the Institutional Dilemma and Response

集体土地征收制度以对土地被征收的农民集体进行补偿为基本条件,《宪法修正案》第20条是征地补偿立法的宪法依据。我国法律关于征地补偿义务主体的规定不统一,实践中通常以用地单位为征地补偿义务主体,这是对征地补偿法律关系的扭曲,也是对国家行使征收权后农民集体失去土地所有权与用地单位取得建设用地使用权之法律逻辑加以模糊处理的结果。征收补偿由征收权的行使引起,是因征收权的实施侵害了被征收人的财产权所产生的一种债的关系,从征地补偿法律关系来看,国家和被征收人是当事人,其中行使征地权的国家是补偿义务主体。

The system of collective land expropriation is based on the compensation of the collective whose land is expropriated. The article 20 of the Constitutional Amendment is the constitutional basis for land expropriation compensation legislation. The provisions of China’s law concerning the subject of compensation obligation for land expropriation are not uniform. In practice, it is usually to take the land use unit as the subject of land expropriation compensation obligation, which is a distortion of the legal relationship of land expropriation compensation, and is also the result of obscuring the legal logic between the collective losing the land ownership and the land use unit obtaining the construction land use right. Expropriation compensation is caused by the exercise of the expropriation power, which is the debt relationship that the exercise of the expropriation power infringes on the property rights of the expropriated person. From the perspective of legal relations of land expropriation compensation, the state and the expropriated person are the parties, and the country exercising the right of land expropriation power is the subject of compensation obligation.