槟榔碱对生殖与泌尿系统的影响

The Effects of Arecoline on Reproductive and Urinary Systems

近年来,对槟榔的研究已不局限其对口腔的危害及对癌症的诱发,而逐渐扩展到其对人体其他主要器官及系统的影响。研究表明,槟榔果的主要成分槟榔碱可对男(雄)性的泌尿生殖系统以及女(雌)性泌尿生殖系统和妊娠造成损伤。对男(雄)性生殖系统,槟榔碱可导致活性氧簇增高并引起氧化应激反应。槟榔碱还可上调肿瘤坏死因子α水平及诱导环氧合酶2(COX-2)高表达,影响免疫系统进而对精子造成损伤。另外,槟榔碱通过多种途径刺激睾丸Leydig细胞分泌合成过量睾酮。对女(雌)性泌尿生殖系统及妊娠,槟榔碱可造成卵细胞损伤。孕妇长期咀嚼槟榔会影响新生儿出生结局,如低出生体质量和婴幼儿死亡。动物胚胎模型研究结果显示,槟榔碱可产生胚胎毒性,影响胚胎发育。对两性泌尿系统,槟榔碱诱导慢性肾病(CKD)的发生并致使膀胱癌进一步恶化。阐述槟榔碱对生殖和泌尿系统的损伤作用可进一步了解此类生物成分的危害,并能及时且有效地建立疾病的预防机制。

Recently, the researches on betel nut are not only focused on oral damage and carcinogenicity, but also extended to the negative effects on other main organs and systems. It has been showed that arecoline, one of the main biological ingredients of betal nut, affects male and female reproductive system and urinary system, and gestation and fetus. In the male reproductive system, arecoline induced oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Also, arecoline interfered with the immune system by upregulating pro-inflammatory factors and inducing high-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which caused the damage of sperm structure and function. In addition, arecoline stimulated Leydig cells to secrete excessive testosterone in the testis. In the female reproductive system and gestation, arecoline induced oocyte impairment. Long-term chewing betel nut in pregnant women can affect the neonatal birth outcomes such as low birth weight and premature death. Besides, animal models revealed that arecoline had embryo toxicity and some severe effects on embryo development. In the urinary system, arecoline was responsible for the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the development and deterioration of bladder cancer. This review is helpful for us to understand the toxic damage of arecoline on both reproductive and urinary systems.