杜甫歌行体诗的体类特征

The Stylistic Features of Du Fu’s Gexing-style Poems

以杜甫诗歌中诗题带有歌、行、叹、哀、吟、引、谣、曲等字样、七言为主体句式、常见三平尾者划为歌行(共87首),在与杜甫律诗的对比中,可以确认杜甫歌行的体类特征主要有以下几方面。一是杜甫歌行体诗无声律限制,多数采用自然音节,尽可能回避律句。二是押韵形式多样化,绝大多数作品使用两个及以上的韵部押韵(71首)。1.大多数作品平韵仄韵兼用,而且其中部分作品平韵仄韵互转;转韵作品中,每个押韵单元的句数不等,少则2句或4句,多则12句,最多者19句,灵活机动,以表意为主;每个单元的第一句以入韵为常例,如果使用入声韵,则往往邻韵通押,甚至混押。2.通首只用一个韵部(14首),以用平声韵为主,上声韵次之,去声、入声韵又次之。3.通首采用邻韵通押者,只有2首。三是多数作品有意回避对仗,出现较多词性虽同而声调未反的情况。

It is observed that Du Fu’s Gexing-style poems consist of the following features:the poetic titles containing such characters as Ge(歌),Xing(行),Tan(叹),Ai(哀),Yin(吟),Yin(引),Yao(谣),and Qu(曲),most of poems featuring seven characters to a line,and the three flats voice being placed at the end of a line.The total number of such poems is 87.Their characteristics,as identified in the present research,differ from those of eight-line poems in the following respects.First,Du fu’s Gexing-style poems are free of tonal and rhyming restrictions,with most pieces adopting natural tonal patterns and rhyme schemes while as far as possible deliberately avoiding dogmatic level and oblique tones.Second,a variety of rhyming schemes are used:1)diverse rhyme forms are used,including 71 poems using two or more rhymes.Most poems use flat rhyme and oblique tones in the same way,some of which alternate between flat rhyme and oblique tones.These poems show more flexibility in the number of lines involved in one rhyming unit,some containing two or four,while others containing twelve or nineteen to a maximum degree,which allows for better thematic expression.The first line of each unit is usually rhymed.If it uses the entering tone and rhyme,adjacent lines rhyme accordingly,sometimes in a mixed rhyme scheme.2)There are 14 poems that only possess one rhyme scheme.In terms of frequency,most use flat rhyme,and the use of falling-rising tone comes next,to be followed by the falling tone and entering tone.3)There are two poems where adjacent rhymes are inter-used.Third,most of Du Fu’s Gexing-style poems deliberately avoid antithesis.There are many cases in which the parts of speech are the same but flat and oblique tones do not make much difference.