官民合办:明清时期莆田地区农田水利管理模式

Official-civil Cooperative:A Brief Analysis of Management Modes of Water Conservancy in Putian in Ming and Qing Dynasty

明代以前莆田境内的农田水利事业有官办和民办两种独立的形式。进入明代,莆田境内的农田水利管理模式有向“官民合办”发展的趋势,具体表现为官办农田水利管理由乡绅群体负责,同时民办农田水利木兰陂的管理工作由官府接手,官府与乡绅群体在实现农田水利管理的过程中建立了稳定的合作机制。明清时期莆田出现“官民合办”的农田水利管理模式主要受到各工程灌区内“水利共同体”的影响。具体而言,官办农田水利灌区内出现的“用水集团”及其水利共同体组织虽有能力对工程实现有效管理,但实际操作中仍需要官府的协助;民办工程木兰陂陂司的解体标志着灌区内成员“用水协作”的瓦解,而官府接手木兰陂管理后虽建立起官民之间的沟通机制,但并未实现对灌区内新旧成员“用水习惯”的重构,原有水利共同体同时丧失了存在的基础。

Before Ming Dynasty,management modes of official and civil farmland water conservancies in Putian were different.In Ming and Qing dynasty,the management modes were both transforming into Official-civil Cooperative modes.Specifically,official projects had been managed by squire groups,while management works of civil project Mulanbei had been taken by local government.Official-civil Cooperatives had been found in the managements of farmland water conservancies.When in Ming and Qing dynasty,the formation of Official-Civil Cooperative management modes of farmland water conservancies in Putian were related to Water Community in irrigated areas of different projects.For details,Water User Groups in irrigated areas of official projects had complete ability to manage farmland water conservancies.But they still need the help of local government.Disintegration of Water User Group in irrigated areas of Mulanbei meant the collapse of Water Use Cooperation between members of the group.After local government taken control of Mulanbei,communication mechanism of water conservancies managements had been found between local government and residents.But Water Community had lost the basis of existence as the refactoring of Water Use Habits would never been finished.