西汉知识阶层的阅读与典籍的散佚——以出土墓葬简帛为中心

Intelligentsia’s Reading in the Western Han Dynasty and Losing of the Ancient Books——Mainly Focused on the Unearthed Burial Bamboo Slips and Silk

汉初学术的迅速恢复和经学的发达使西汉成为与战国并列的简帛时代鼎盛期。西汉意识形态经历了由黄老盛行到儒学独尊的巨大转变,出土的西汉墓葬简帛数量庞大而时间分布均衡,透过墓葬藏籍我们不仅可以窥知这一时期知识阶层的阅读内容和偏好,还能觅见意识形态转变对阅读产生的微妙而复杂的影响。将墓葬简帛与《汉书·艺文志》和《隋书·经籍志》比对,汉代典籍的散佚呈现如下特征:精英阶层阅读文献传播久远,民间阅读文献易于亡佚;质量是决定书籍传承或散佚的关键;以实用为目的的文献更新速度快,也更易散佚。

The rapid academic recovery in the early Han Dynasty and the development of Confucian classics made the Western Han Dynasty become the prime period of the bamboo slips and silk era paralleling with the Warring States. The ideology of the Western Han Dynasty has undergone a great transformation from the Huang Lao to the Confucianism. The unearthed burial slips and silk of the Western Han Dynasty were large in quantity and evenly distributed in each period. Through the unearthed books,we could not only know the reading contents and preferences of the intellectuals in this period, but also find the subtle and complicated influences of ideological changes on reading. Comparing the unearthed burial bamboo slips and silk with Bibliography of Chronicles of the Han Dynasty and Bibliography of Chronicles of the Sui Dynasty, it is found that the scattering and losing of the books and records of Han Dynasty shows the following characteristics: elite reading literature spreads for a long time, but folk reading literature is easy to lose;quality is the key to the inheritance or loss of books;documents for practical purposes are updated quickly and lost easily.