耐火材料与钢液相互作用的研究进展

Research Progress of Interaction between Refractories and Molten Steel

耐火材料服务于国民经济和国防建设等众多领域,是冶金、建材、环保、能源、化工等高温工业不可替代的关键基础材料。随着国家建设与发展,高品质洁净钢的研发与生产越来越受到重视,而耐火材料直接参与钢铁冶炼过程,不仅是钢铁安全高效生产的重要保障,也对钢的质量有显著影响。钢冶炼用耐火材料与钢液反应会严重改变钢中碳、磷、硫、氮、氧等以及合金元素的组成及含量,既可以吸附、去除夹杂,也会产生夹杂,是钢中非金属夹杂物的主要来源之一。阐述了不同材质耐火材料与钢液的反应机理及其对钢质量的影响,研究表明,耐火材料与不同合金钢液反应界面层的组成差异较大,而高熔点、高粘度界面层的形成能有效抑制钢液对耐火材料的进一步渗透侵蚀;动态冶炼条件将加剧耐火材料的损毁及钢中外生夹杂;钢液对耐火材料的动态蚀损机制为:钢液渗透耐火材料并与其组分发生反应形成低熔点液相层,然后在剧烈的运动条件下,钢液与该液相界面层发生乳化卷混并造成其剥离,进而与耐火材料形成新界面,这一过程循环往复导致耐火材料不断蚀损,污染钢液;在外加电磁场、熔钢自源磁场以及高熵合金(钢)的发展下,耐火材料与钢液的作用机制亟待进一步研究,同时,耐火材料数值模拟结合大数据技术有望发挥重要功效,可为高品质洁净钢的生产及耐火材料基因工程建设提供指导。

Refractories serve for many fields such as national economy and defence construction, which are the irreplaceable basic materials in high temperature industries such as metallurgy, building materials, environmental protection, energy, chemical engineering and so on. With the construction and development of the country, more and more attention has been paid to the research, development and production of high quality clean steel. Refractories directly participate in the steel smelting process, which not only is an important guarantee for the safe and efficient production of steel, but also has a significant impact on the quality of steel. The reaction between refractories used in steel smelting and molten steel will seriously change the content of carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and alloy elements in steel, which can not only adsorb and remove inclusions, but also produce inclusions. It is one of the main sources of non-metallic inclusions in steel. The reaction mechanism between refractories of different compositions and molten steel and its effect on steel quality are described in this paper. The results show that the composition of interfacial reaction layer between refractories and molten steel with different alloys is quite different. Ladle glaze is also the main source of inclusions in steel. The formation of high melting point and high viscosity interfacial layer can effectively inhibit the further steel penetration and corrosion to the refractories. Dynamic smelting conditions will aggravate the damage of refractories and increase inclusions in steel, and the dynamic steel corrosion mechanism on refractories is as follows. The molten steel penetrates the refractory and reacts to form a liquid layer. Then the layer will emulsify with the flowing steel, and the steel continue to react with the new interface of the refractory. This process leads to continuous corrosion of the refractory and contamination of the steel. Moreover, the interaction mechanism between refractories and molten steel (high-entropy alloy) under the external and self-generated electromagnetic field needs to be further studied, and modeling of refractories combined with big data technologies is a promising approach, which can provide guidance for the production of high-quality steel and the development of refractories genetic engineering.