项目制保护模式下非遗传承人等级化倾向反思

Reflections on the Grading Tendency of Intangible Cultural Heritage Inheritors under Project-based Safeguarding Model

非物质文化遗产代表作及其传承人命名制度,属于一种基于类型学的项目制非物质文化遗产保护模式,具有便于操作、精准保护、抢救濒危等优势,但也容易脱离作为母体的文化生态,并导致非物质文化遗产传承人等级化倾向。民族文化传承人与非物质文化遗产传承人,有着长时段发展的历史脉络,应视作一个整体进行研究。非物质文化遗产传承人内部出现两极化、四级化的等级化倾向,虽鼓励了传承人逐级流动的积极性,但与文化相对主义下民族文化的价值认知相悖,在某种程度上分化了传承人群体的整体性。非物质文化遗产传承人研究有其特殊性,一种基于良好田野关系的交流民俗志,可滋养非物质文化遗产研究的学术生长力。

The representative works of intangible cultural heritage and their inheritors naming system is a project-based intangible cultural heritage safeguarding model based on typology. It is of the advantages of easy operation, precise safeguarding and rescuing the endangered, but it is also easy to keep intangible cultural heritage away from the cultural ecology as the mother, and lead to the grading tendency of the intangible cultural heritage inheritors. The inheritors of national culture and inheritors of intangible cultural heritage have a long history of development in between and should be researched considered as a whole. In the inheritors of intangible cultural heritage, there is a tendency of polarization and four-level hierarchy. It encourages the inheritors to move upgrade, but it is contrary to the value recognition of national culture under cultural relativism, and to a certain extent, it divides the integrity of the inheritors. The study of inheritors of intangible cultural heritage has its own particularity. Folklore ethnography of communication based on good field relations may be nourishing the academic growth of intangible cultural heritage research.