水凝胶功能改性研究与应用进展

Functional Modification and Application Progress of Hydrogels

水凝胶是一种三维网状亲水性高分子软材料,具有良好的固体力学和液体热力学性能,其自身柔软、可塑性强、生物相容性好,具有可降解性和刺激性响应特征.但传统方法制备的水凝胶有诸多缺陷,如有毒性、生物活性低、机械性能差等,使得其应用受限.本文综述了近10年来功能水凝胶制备与改性的主要研究进展及其应用现状,以多吸收位点和高机械强度等性能为主,重点阐述了国内外功能性水凝胶的最新制备方法,包括物理改性中的低分子复合材料交联与构建多重网络和化学改性中的接枝共聚等.详细介绍了该类功能材料在医药、生物、农业和食品等方面的应用现状与发展前景,特别关注了高效短时对外界环境微小变化具有响性的智能印迹水凝胶及其在检测领域的应用,为水凝胶的进一步开发和推广应用提供参考.

Hydrogel, a family of three-dimensional network hydrophilic polymer soft materials, has remarkable solid mechanical and liquid thermodynamic properties. It is flexible and has excellent characteristics of plasticity, biocompatibility as well as degradability. It also shows high stimulus response characteristics. Hydrogels prepared by traditional methods have many problems, such as toxicity, low biological activity and mechanical properties, which limits their application. This paper reviews the application and research progress of modification and preparation of functional hydrogels in recent 10 years. On the basis of the original function of hydrogels, increasing their absorption sites and mechanical strength were mainly optimized and improved. The advance preparations involved the physical modification of low molecular weights composite crosslinking and construction of multiple networks and the chemical modification of graft copolymerization method. The application and development prospect of functional hydrogel materials were introduced in medical supplies, drug delivery and remission, cell culture in biological engineering, agricultural drought resistance and food packaging respectively. Finally, this paper focused on the smart molecule imprinting hydrogels with high specific molecular recognition properties. The combination of intelligent hydrogel technology and molecular imprinting technology for the detection of trace drugs can reduce the detection cost, shorten the detection time and improve the detection efficiency. It provides reference for further development and application of hydrogels.