清代文职处分则例考

Research on Administrative Sanction Regulations for Civil Officials in the Qing Dynasty

清代文职处分则例是在历代律例基础上形成的"治官之法",它的内容与刊发制度在长期的实践过程中经历了诸多变化。为解决条例繁密以及例、案纠缠等问题,清廷多次调整处分则例的编纂权,从各部均可编纂到律例馆兼修,再到由吏部专管,并在刊刻制度上经历了从定期修订颁行到以谕令通行为主、修订刊发为辅的转变。但囿于种种原因,清廷的因应举措未能纠正处分则例带来的弊端,却推动了坊刊本处分则例的刊刻、编辑与销售。

Administrative sanction regulations for civil off icials in the Qing Dynasty constituted the "law of off icials," the legal foundation for the management of government off icials.The content and publication of administrative sanctions underwent many changes in historical practice.In order to simplify the regulations,and to clarify their relationship to cases,the Qing Dynasty adjusted and edited regulations multiple times.Initially,various departments composed their regulations, later the Codif ication Bureau compiled the statutes,and finally Ministry of Personnel assumed the responsibility.The publication system was revised and the regulations were reissued on a regular basis, later,the revisions were communicated through notices from superiors to subordinates at all levels of government.For various reasons,the Qing government's measures failed to rectify the drawbacks in the administrative sanction regulations for civil off icials,but it promoted the publication and editing of the administrative sanction regulations by private bookstores.