俄罗斯逃人与18世纪后期的清朝边疆

Russian Ukanju and the Qing Frontiers in Late 18th Century

本文通过一系列满文档案和俄国东正教团的资料,考察了1764-1780年间被清朝的卡伦守卫从新疆、蒙古和黑龙江等边疆缉获的俄罗斯逃人的经历:他们跨境到中国后,先被押解到北京,随后流放到福建和广东;最后,有些人成为福州或广州驻防八旗的披甲,有些人沦为当地八旗兵丁的奴隶。这一在清代中俄关系史中鲜为人知的侧面,不仅能展现自《尼布楚条约》和《恰克图条约》签订后有关"逃人遣返"条款的执行情况,还将揭示18世纪后期清朝边疆统治的特点。

This article studies the experience of the Russian ukanju (escapees) captured by the Karun's guards of the Qing frontiers in Xinjiang,Mongolia,and Heilongjiang from 1764 to 1780.Using a series of Manchu archives,and documents of the Russian Orthodox Church,the article illustrates how Russian ukanju who crossed the borders to come to China were sent to Beijing,and then were exiled to Fujian and Guangdong.Finally,some became the uksin (soldiers) of the garrisons of the Eight Banners in Fuzhou or Guangzhou,and others became Manchu uksin' slaves.This unknown aspect of the history of Qing-Russian relations not only shows the implementation of frontier regulations after the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk and the Treaty of Kyakhta,but also reveals the characteristics of the Qing frontier rules during the late 18th Century.