抚仙湖流域山水林田湖草生态保护修复思路与实践

Ideas and practice of ecological protection and restoration of mountain-river-forest-farmland-lake-grassland system in Lake Fuxian Basin

抚仙湖流域是我国西南地区和珠江流域重要的生态屏障,是我国“两屏三带”生态安全战略格局的重要组成部分,其生态安全对于保障珠江流域生态安全和云贵高原生态服务功能乃至国家水土资源安全具有战略意义。基于“山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体”的理念,针对抚仙湖流域空间格局有待优化、土地退化较为严重、入湖污染负荷超载、生态风险持续加大等生态环境问题,提出以保障抚仙湖Ⅰ类(GB3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》)优质水资源为目标,以流域空间格局优化和管控为前提,以“修山扩林、调田节水、生境修复、控污治河、保湖管理”并重为总体思路,设计了涵盖水源涵养与矿山修复、田地整治与节水减排、生态保护与修复、污染源治理与入湖河流清水修复、湖泊保育与综合管理调控五大类47项工程的流域生态保护修复方案;方案实施1年多,在扩增森林植被面积,提高农田质量和利用效率,削减入湖污染负荷,增强流域生态系统稳定性和改善湖滨区生态环境等方面初见成效;建议下一步加强流域空间管控,统筹推进各项工程实施,以期全面恢复抚仙湖流域生态功能,保障水体洁净和流域生态安全,促进抚仙湖流域的健康发展。

Lake Fuxian Basin is an important ecological barrier in southwest China and the Pearl River Basin,and an important part of China′s“two screens and three belts”ecological security strategic pattern.Its ecological security is of strategic significance to guarantee the ecological security of the Pearl River Basin and the ecological functional services of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau and even the national soil and water resources security.Based on the concept of“mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands are a community of life”,and aiming at the eco-environmental problems in Lake Fuxian Basin,such as the need of spatial pattern optimization for the lake basin,the serious land degradation,the overloaded pollutants discharge,and the continuously increasing ecological risk,a set of lake basin ecological protection and restoration schemes were proposed.Putting ClassⅠof Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water(GB 3838-2002)for high quality water resources as the goal,and basin space pattern optimization and management and control as the premise,the overall comprehensive protection ideas of“repairing mountains and expanding forests,regulating farmlands and saving water,habitat restoration,pollution control and river management,and lake protection management”were proposed.Five kinds of lake basin ecological protection and restoration schemes covering 47 projects were designed,which included water conservation and mine restoration,farmland regulation and water saving,ecological protection and restoration,pollution source control and clean water restoration,and lake conservation and comprehensive management regulation.After more than one year′s implementation,the programme had achieved initial success in expanding the area of forest vegetation,improving the quality and efficiency of farmland,reducing the in-lake pollutant loads,enhancing the ecological stability of the basin and improving eco-environment of lakeside region.The next step is to comprehensively strengthen the spatial control of the river basin and comprehensively promote the pilot projects of ecological protection and restoration,so as to restore the healthy ecological function of the lake basin in an all-round way,guarantee the cleanliness of the water body and the ecological security of the basin,and promote the healthy development of the lake basin.