小兴安岭—三江平原山水林田湖草生态保护修复问题识别及方案探讨

Problem identification and scheme study of ecological protection and restoration of mountain-river-forest-farmland-lake-grassland in Xiaoxinganling-Sanjiang Plain

小兴安岭—三江平原是东(华)北平原的生态安全屏障,是我国生物多样性的重点区域,也是我国重点粮食生产基地,其生态环境保护备受关注。针对小兴安岭—三江平原区域特征,分别从森林、矿山、草场、湿地、水体等各要素层面识别区域重大生态环境问题,在明确区域功能定位的基础上,提出了其山水林田湖草生态保护修复方案的设计思路、总体布局及具体工程方案。小兴安岭—三江平原区域存在森林水源涵养功能减弱,废弃矿山生态破坏,草场面积缩减与退化,湿地面积萎缩,局部水体功能下降等生态环境问题;按照优化生态空间管控与分区分类精准修复相结合的思路,结合区域的湖泊、山脉、河流等重要自然地理界线,提出构建小兴安岭—三江平原区域“两屏一带一区”(小兴安岭生态安全屏障和完达山生态安全屏障、松花江水土污染防控带、三江平原湿地生物多样性保护区)的总体布局;在此基础上整体推进森林保护修复、矿山环境治理、土地整治与修复、生物多样性保护及水环境保护与治理等五大类工程。方案实施预计将为区域带来良好的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益。

Xiaoxinganling-Sanjiang Plain is the original ecological security barrier of northeast(north)China.It is a key area of biodiversity and also a key food production base in China.Its eco-environmental protection has attracted much attention.According to the regional characteristics of the Xiaoxinganling-Sanjiang Plain,major eco-environmental problems in the region were identified from forest,mine,grassland,wetland,water and other elements.On the basis of defining the regional functions,the design idea,general layout and specific engineering scheme of ecological protection and restoration programme of mountain-river-forest-farmland-lake-grassland were put forward.It revealed that the main eco-environmental problems in Xiaoxinganling-Sanjiang Plain included the weakening of forest water conservation function,the ecological destruction of abandoned mines,the reduction and degradation of grassland area,the shrinking of wetland area,and the decline of partial water function.According to the optimization of the ecological space control combined with zoning classification precision repair,combined with the area of lakes,mountains,rivers,and other important natural geographical boundaries,it was proposed to build the overall layout of“two barrier,one belt,and one zone”(Xiaoxinganling ecological security barrier,Wandashan ecological security barrier,Songhua river water and soil pollution prevention and control belt,Sanjiang Plain wetland biodiversity conservation zone).On this basis,five major projects,including forest protection and restoration projects,mine environmental control projects,land regulation and restoration projects,biodiversity protection projects and water environmental protection and control projects,were promoted as a whole.The implementation of the programme was expected to bring good ecological,social and economic benefits to the region.