19世纪以来伦敦和曼彻斯特雾霾的治理

The Measures of Smog Governance in London and Manchester since the 19th Century

19世纪以来,英国伦敦和曼彻斯特成为雾霾重灾区。煤烟污染是英国典型的城市污染物,制碱业、钢铁业、制陶业及电力行业成为英格兰地区城市主要空气污染源。城市雾霾对人类健康、动物生存、植物生长以及建筑物的外形都造成严重危害。英国政府成功的治理经验表明,政府监管力度、民众认知态度、科学技术水平是英国城市雾霾治理的三要素。

The typical urban smog problems had appeared in the industrial development of Britain since the 19th century. London and Manchester became heavy disaster areas in England. Coal smoke pollution was the typical urban pollutant in Britain, Alkali, steel, ceramics and electricity industries were major sources of air pollution in the cities of England. Urban smog caused serious harm to human health, animal survival, plant growth and the building appearance. The successful governance experience of the British government shows that the intensity of government supervision, the cognition and attitude of the people, and the level of science and technology are the three elements of urban smog governance in Britain.