纳召:西双版纳早期农业剥削方式研究

Nazhao:A Study on the Early Agricultural Exploitation in Xishuangbanna

纳召是人类社会最原始的农业剥削方式,学界先入为主的偏见阻碍对其系统性的研究。纳召作为各级统治者直接经营的土地,来源复杂,并呈现出分散插花的分布特点。其耕作方式表现为指定某一群体世代负责代耕,且收获物全部归统治者所有。它是统治阶级大土地所有制不发达、血缘共同体存在及生产力落后的产物。纳召作为指定服役制度在农业上的表现形式,在世界早期文明中具有普遍性,对探索早期国家起源具有重要意义。

Nazhao is the most primitive agricultural exploitation in human society.Previous scholars’ preconceived prejudice has prevented its systematic study.Nazhao directly managed by rulers at all levels has a complex source and is distributed in a scattered and separate way.The farming pattern was assigning a group of people from generation to generation to be responsible for it and all the harvests belonged to the rulers. Nazhao is the result of the undeveloped land ownership of the ruling class, the existence of consanguineous communities and the backward productivity.As a manifestation of the assigned labor system in agriculture, Nazhao is universal in the stage of early civilization, and is of great significance in exploring the origin of the early states.