2013-2016年南京市民膳食中镉暴露风险评估

Risk assessment of cadmium dietary exposure among residents in Nanjing, 2013-2016

目的了解南京市居民主要膳食消费量及市售食品中镉含量,对居民通过膳食镉暴露健康风险进行初步评估。方法 2013-2016年监测全市10大类共计1 181份样品镉含量,结合2012年南京市居民膳食消费量调查,应用食品中化学污染物膳食暴露点评估法,初步评估南京市居民主要食品的镉暴露风险。结果市售食品中镉含量较高的食品是茶叶、面粉、菌藻类、水产品和动物内脏,镉含量的中位数分别为:0.0300、0.0249、0.0203、0.0285、0.0327 mg/kg;各类蔬菜中叶菜类平均镉含量最高(中位数为0.0100 mg/kg),镉含量最低的食品是新鲜水果(0.0003 mg/kg)和畜肉(0.0024 mg/kg)。居民平均每月膳食镉暴露量为0.0087 mg/(kg·bw),占每月可耐受摄入量的34.6%;膳食摄入量采用P50时,膳食中镉的每月暴露量为0.0027 mg/(kg·bw),占每月可耐受摄入量的10.8%,膳食摄入量采用P90时,膳食中镉的每月暴露量为0.0188 mg/kg·bw,占PTWI的75.0%。大米、菌藻类、蔬菜和水产品是镉摄入的主要来源,从粮谷类食品、蔬菜、水产品中摄入的镉分别占膳食镉暴露量(膳食摄入量采用P90时)的35.91%、13.98%、19.10%。居民膳食中每月镉暴露量均值占PTMI百分数的顺序依次为6~17岁年龄组(45.3%)、18~44岁年龄组(36.0%)、45~60岁年龄组(34.4%)和60岁以上年龄组(32.2%)。结论南京市居民膳食镉暴露水平总体安全,但仍有必要加强食品中镉含量监测,从源头上控制镉污染,进而减少居民膳食中镉暴露水平。

Objective To investigate the main dietary consumption of residents in Nanjing and the cadmium content in food sold in markets, and to preliminarily evaluate the health risk of residents exposed to cadmium via the diet. Methods We monitored the cadmium content in 1,181 samples from 10 categories of food in the city from 2013 to 2016. Based on the survey of dietary consumption of residents in Nanjing in 2012, the method of dietary exposure point assessment of chemical pollutants in food was used to preliminarily evaluate the exposure risk of cadmium in the main food among residents in Nanjing. Results Among the food sold in markets, the cadmium content was found to be higher in tea, flour, bacteria and algae, aquatic products and animal viscera, with the medians of 0.0300 mg/kg, 0.0249 mg/kg, 0.0203 mg/kg, 0.0285 mg/kg and 0.0327 mg/kg, respectively. The average cadmium content of leaf vegetables was the highest(with the median of 0.0100 mg/kg), while the cadmium content of fresh fruit and livestock meat was the lowest(with the medians of 0.0003 mg/kg and 0.0024 mg/kg, respectively). The average monthly cadmium dietary exposure in the residents was 0.0087 mg/(kg·bw), accounting for 34.6% of provisional tolerable weekly intake(PTWI). When the dietary intake was P50, the monthly cadmium dietary exposure was 0.0027 mg/(kg·bw), accounting for 10.8% of PTWI. When the dietary intake was P90, the monthly cadmium dietary exposure was 0.0188 mg/(kg·bw), accounting for 75.0% of PTWI. Rice, bacteria and algae, vegetables and aquatic products were the main sources of cadmium intake. Cadmium intake from cereals, vegetables and aquatic products accounted for 35.91%, 13.98% and 19.10% of cadmium dietary exposure(when dietary intake was P90), respectively. According to the percentage of PTMI, the average value of monthly cadmium dietary exposure was found to be the highest in the group aged 6-17 years(45.3%), followed by the groups aged 18-44 years(36.0%), 45-60 years(34.4%) and above 60 years(32.2%). Conclusions The level of dietary exposure to cadmium in Nanjing residents is generally safe, but it is still necessary to strengthen the monitoring of cadmium content in food and control cadmium pollution from the sources so as to reduce the cadmium exposure level in the diet of residents.