被害人过错的类型化研究

Typological Study on Victims’ Faults

被害人教义学在刑法理论中的深度发展,推动着对被害人过错问题的研究。传统观点对于被害人过错影响定罪量刑的根据问题,主张责任分担理论或者可谴责性降低说。这些学说不仅本身解释力有限,而且对各种被害人过错缺乏普遍适用性。将被害人过错予以类型化,区分为导致犯罪行为的被害人过错和导致犯罪结果的被害人过错。前者以改造后的责任分担说来解释,后者以应保护性丧失和期待可能性理论来解释。为了理论研究和司法适用的需要,须以三阶层犯罪论体系为切入点,将被害人过错分别类型化为阻却构成要件、影响违法和影响责任的被害人过错。

The further development of victims’dogmatic in criminal law theory has propelled the study on victims’faults.The traditional view that victims’faults affect conviction and sentencing claims responsibility-sharing theory and condemnation-decreasing doctrine.The theories have not only weak explanatory power but also are not feasible to victims’faults.So it is necessary to categorize victims’faults,which can be divided into the ones that lead to criminal behaviors and the ones that lead to criminal consequences.The former can be explained by responsibility-sharing theory and the latter can be explained by protection-losing and expected possibility theory.In addition,in order to cater to the needs of theoretical study and judicial application,it is of necessity to begin with the three-phase criminal theoretical system as a starting point,which can be categorized as crime-stopping components,victims’faults that affect offences and affect responsibilities.