周秦儒学三论

Several Thoughts on Confucianism in the Zhou and Qin Dynasties

若论儒家"六经"之学对诸子百家的影响与启迪,儒家"六经"学术在前,是整体性的;而"百家之学",则是儒家"六经"学术散于天下以后才兴起的。所以,"百家之学"在儒家之后,相对而言,其内容也是片面性的。齐国稷下学宫作为当时学术文化中心,儒家、道家、法家、阴阳家、名家、兵家等各派学者率徒众,荟萃聚集,争鸣交流,儒家学者在辩论中深化思想,最终走向多元融合。秦朝博士制度继承稷下学制,对秦代儒学传承具有特殊作用。作为秦朝官学代表的博士,职掌官方所藏儒学典籍以及诸子"百家语"的研习、整理与教授,尤其在秦朝制度建设方面,儒学有着广泛的影响。秦始皇焚书并没有阻断儒家经典流传,在这一传承过程中,秦代儒学还呈现出官学与私学并存的局面。

The Hundred Schools of Thought emerged after the Six Confucian Classics were disseminated widely in ancient China, which shows the influence and enlightenment that the Six Classics had on these schools. The Six Confucian Classics, as the forerunners, were holistic in nature whereas the Hundred Schools of Thought, coming afterward, were relatively partial and incomplete. The Jixia Academy of the State of Qi, the then academic and cultural center, gathered scholars from various schools for academic exchanges. As a result, Confucians deepened their understanding of Confucian doctrines in contentions and Confucianism eventually moved toward pluralistic integration with other schools of thought. The burning of books ordered by the First Emperor of Qin, did not block the spread of Confucian classics. The Qin erudite system inherited the scholastic system of the Jixia Academy and played a special role in inheriting and transmitting Confucianism in the Qin dynasty. Confucianism, in turn, played a major role in and exercised extensive influence over the building of Qin dynasty institutions. Throughout this process, official schools and private schools coexisted and played their respective roles in the development of Qin Confucianism.