3～5岁幼儿大肌肉动作发展与体适能水平的相关性

Relations between gross motor competence and physical fitness in 3-5 years old children

目的探讨3~5岁幼儿大肌肉动作发展与体适能水平之间的关系,为促进大肌肉动作和体适能的健康发展提供参考。方法采用方便抽样的方法选取北京市某幼儿园201名3~5岁幼儿,采用大肌肉动作发展测试量表第3版(Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Version, TGMD-3)评价幼儿的大肌肉动作发展水平;采用《国民体质测定标准手册(幼儿部分)》测量与评定身体形态指标(身高、体重)和身体素质指标(10 m折返跑、双脚连续跳、走平衡木、坐位体前屈、立定跳远、网球掷远)水平。结果 3~5岁幼儿的位移动作、实物操控动作、大肌肉动作水平及身高、体重、走平衡木、双脚连续跳、网球掷远、立定跳远的成绩随着年龄增加而提高(P值均<0.01)。不同性别3~5岁幼儿的大肌肉动作水平、位移动作和10 m折返跑、双脚连续跳、立定跳远、走平衡木差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);3~5岁男童的实物操控能力和网球掷远成绩高于女生,坐位体前屈成绩低于女生(P值均<0.05)。3~5岁幼儿的大肌肉动作发展与10 m折返跑、网球掷远、双脚连续跳、立定跳远、走平衡木成绩的相关均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);而与幼儿的体质量指数、坐位体前屈的相关无统计学意义(r值分别为0.02,0.07,P值均>0.05)。3,4岁组幼儿的大肌肉动作发展和体适能各项测试指标的相关无统计学意义(r=-0.13~0.21,P值均>0.05),5岁组幼儿的实物操控能力和双脚连续跳成绩的相关有统计学意义(r=0.42,P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示,年龄、性别、BMI对幼儿的体适能无预测作用(R^2=0.05,F=2.62,P>0.05),大肌肉动作水平对于幼儿的体适能无预测作用(R^2调整=0.04,F=2.00,P>0.05)。结论 3~5岁幼儿的大肌肉动作发展和体适能水平相关。幼儿工作者应重视幼儿大肌肉动作发展的监测和促进,以利于提高幼儿的体适能健康水平。

Objective The cross-sectional study examined associations between gross motor competence and physical fitness in 3-5 years old children. Methods A convenient sampling method was used to select 201 children aged 3-5 years, to assess gross motor competence, each child accomplished the Test of Gross Motor Development-3(TGMD-3). The level of physical fitness was measured by National Physical Fitness Test, comprising eight different tasks including height, weight, flexibility(sit-and-reach test), balance(walking on a balance beam), explosive force(Standing long jump), strength(Tennis ball throwing), agility(10-shuttle-run test), strength and coordination(Continuous foot jump). Results With the increase of age, the scores of locomotor skills,object control skills, gross motor competence, height, weight, walking on a balance beam, continuous foot jump, tennis ball throwing and standing long jump were better(P<0.01). Significant differences were not found in the gross motor competence, locomotor skills, 10-shuttle-run test, continuous foot jump, standing long jump and walking on a balance beam(P>0.05). In the object control skills and tennis ball throwing, the boys showed a greater performance(P<0.01). In the sit-and-reach test, girls showed a greater performance(P<0.01). The results revealed a significant relationship between gross motor competence and the following items: 10-shuttle-run test, continuous foot jump, standing long jump, walking on a balance beam, tennis ball throwing(P<0.05). There were no associations among gross motor competence, BMI(r=0.02), sit-and-reach test(r=0.07). There were no associations between gross motor competence and physical fitness in 3-5 years old(r=-0.13-0.21), except for 5 years old children’s object control skills and continuous foot jump(r=0.42). Sex, age, height, BMI(R^2=0.05,F=2.62, P>0.05) as well as gross motor competence(△R^2=0.04, F=2.00, P>0.05) did not predict physical fitness. Conclusion The results indicated a relationship between motor competence and physical fitness in 3-5 years old. In order to increase the level of physical fitness, the educators should pay attention to the development of children’s gross motor.