“群众科学”与新中国技术政治研究述评

“Mass Science” and the Techno-politics of New China:A Critical Review

晚近十余年关于“群众科学”的研究超越了“文革”之后围绕该时期科学技术发展的“失败叙事”及技术中心主义倾向,从技术政治视角重新审视其对政治优先性的强调和对平等主义的允诺。该学术转向的发生,既是因为中国的发展本身促使学者重新思考这段历史的意义,也是因为研究者从中发现了一条比建制化、专业化的科学技术更能明显地揭示科学技术与社会、理论与实践关系及其政治面向的道路。在新中国“前三十年”历史中,“群众科学”从“尊严政治”,“去技能化”与“再技能化”,塑造革命身体及巩固国家对基层社会的控制和支配等方面广泛参与了社会主义政治主体和中国现代国家的建构。对它的深入思考不仅有助于清除某种意识形态的遮蔽,丰富对新中国“前三十年”的认识,还有助于在当下这个日益技术化的时代中理解围绕科学技术领域展开的政治、经济与文化斗争。

In the past decade,studies of the"mass science"advocated during the Cultural Revolution have relinquished the previous"failure narrative"and techno-centrism,and have started to re-examine from the perspective of technological politics the Revolution's emphasis on political priority and promise of egalitarianism.This academic paradigm shift occurs not only because China's development itself has prompted scholars to rethink the significance of this historical period,but also because researchers have discovered a way to better reveal the relationship between technology and society,or between theory and practice,and their political orientation.In China,"mass science"once participated extensively in the establishment of the political subject of socialism and China's modern state construction,involving such aspects as"dignity politics","deskilling"and"reskilling",shaping the revolutionary body,and consolidating the state’s domination of grassroots society.Looking deep into these aspects not only enables us to clear away the ideological facade and enriches our understanding of this historical period,but also gives us some sense of the political,economic and cultural struggles around science and technology in this increasingly technological era.