数额犯未遂问题研究——从最高人民法院第62号指导性案例切入

Research on Attempt to Crime of Amount——Starting from No. 62 Guiding Case released by Supreme Court

在数额犯中,当行为人没有实现法定基础犯罪数额,可能构成相应犯罪的未遂,但是其前提是从行为时社会一般人的视角判断,该行为客观上具有实现犯罪数额的具体危险,主观上行为人也以"数额较大"的财物为犯罪目标。我国刑法中的加重数额与德国刑法中的量刑规则在立法结构和理论语境上都存在重大差异,二者不能等同,不能以加重数额属于量刑规则为由否定数额加重犯构成未遂的可能性。加重数额属于加重构成要件,当行为人出于意志以外原因没有实现加重数额时,如果其满足以上数额犯未遂的主客观条件,应当构成加重数额犯的未遂;已经既遂的数额作为量刑从重事由予以考虑,而不应仅仅将该行为作为基础数额犯的既遂处罚,也不宜将刑法单一行为拆分为复数行为按照既遂和未遂分别予以认定。

In crime of amount, wenn the offender don’t realize the basic quantative element of crime, he could constitute a criminal attempt. But the premise is, that from the ex ante perspective of average people the criminal action objectively has concrete risk to realize the quantitative element, and in subjectiv aspect the offender targets to a "lage amount" of property. There exsit significant differences of legislative structure and theoretical context between the aggravated quantitative elements in Chinese criminal law and sentencing rules in German criminal law, and the two things can’t be equated. Therefore we also should not deny the possibility of criminal attempt for crime of aggravated amount. The aggravated quantative element is also a kind of aggravated constitutional elements of crime. When the offender fails to realize the aggravated quantitative element of crime due to objektiv reasons, he constitutes a criminal attempt for crime of aggravated amount, neither an accomplished crime of basic amount, nor separately a criminal attempt of crime and an accomplishment of crime.