敦煌马圈湾汉简通假字系统量化研究

A Quantitative Study of the Tongjiazi in Dunhuang Majuanwan Slips of the Han Dynasty

从表层看,古代文献中常见的通假现象是借音同或音近字来记词表义,但实质上是借字与本字之间音、形、义三者的整体契合。敦煌马圈湾汉简的通假对借字与本字声纽和韵部相同的要求都较严格,这种状况映照在借字与本字之间的形体关系上,则是二者之间主要在声符方面具有一定的形体相关性,但这种相关性与本字的已见或后起并无直接联系。马圈湾汉简的新见通假字增加了秦汉简帛通假字的总量,但其具有通假用法的单字占比较低,通假字总使用量较少,侧面反映出它尽管是由远离政治、经济、文化中心的边塞下层官吏书成,但其文字使用已较为规范。

The phenomenon of Tongjia character widely existed in ancient literature is to record the meaning of words by borrowing the characters with the same or the similar phonology and morphology features.In fact,it is an integral combination of the pronunciation,character pattern and meaning which between the Jiezi and Benzi.The Tongjia of DunhuangMajuanwan slips of the Han dynasty,has strict requirements on the Shengniu and the Yunbu,which should be identical between the Jiezi and Benzi.The situation is reflected in the character pattern between Jiezi and Benzi,which has certain correlation,and mainly reflected in their Shengfu,but the correlation is not directly related to the existing or subsequent appearance of the Benzi.The Tongjiazi which newly appeared in DunhuangMajuanwan slips of Han dynasty,increased the amount of Tongjiaziin slips and silk books of the Qin and Han dynasty.However, the proportion of usage of Tongjia characters was less than that of others characters,and the total amount of Tongjia is low,which reflected that it was written by lower-class officials in frontier regions far from the political,economic and cultural center,but their usage of the characters was relatively conformed to the standard.