德国应用科学大学的学术化困境

Dilemma of Academization in Universities of Applied Sciences in Germany

应用科学大学在德国享有很高的雇主声誉,但学术地位相对较低。博洛尼亚进程及学制和学位改革缩小了应用科学大学与研究型大学的水平维度差异,垂直分化的竞争机制造成应用科学大学的学术漂移,削弱了德国传统高等教育体系的"双轨结构"特征。这在为应用科学大学提高学术地位创造机会的同时,也使其面临着如何权衡教学与科研两种职能,如何兼顾经济发展和学术要求两种价值取向的双重困境。垂直分化的同质竞争抵消了应用科学大学在水平维度的相对优势,这不利于其保持在"应用轨"的独立性。坚持水平维度的类型特色和服务经济发展的职能定位,有助于应用科学大学走出学术化困境。

The University of Applied Sciences(UAS) has enjoyed a high employer reputation in Germany.However, its academic status is relatively low. The reform of Bachelor-Master system accelerated by the Bologna Process is narrowing horizontal differences between UAS and comprehensive university. Competitive mechanism aimed at vertical stratification results in UAS’s imperceptible academic drift. These reforms are weakening the two-type structure of classical German higher education system. This creates opportunities for UAS to promote its academic status. Meanwhile it brings simultaneously the dilemma of balancing the functions between teaching and research, as well as considering different values of the business community and academia.The homogenous competition for stratification counteracts the comparative advantage of UAS in the horizontal dimension, which is detrimental to maintain the independence of applied type. It contributes to solve the dilemma of academization by developing special features and emphasizing orientation of servicing economy.