基于乡里社会的十六国胡汉民族关系——以华北与关中地区诸政权为例证

Rural Community-based Relations of Hu and Han Nationalities in the Sixteen Kingdoms Period ——A Case Study of the Regimes in the North China and Guanzhong Area

十六国时期的胡汉民族关系,是在乡里社会生活基础上存续的。胡主先是依赖同乡建立政权,吸纳在地乡党入仕,同时,扶植流亡的乡里宗族,设立侨郡,使之壮大,既而恢复乡里选举制度,加强对乡里人才的拔擢与管理。这些都说明了胡主对乡里社会的深刻理解和实际控制。在此过程中,他们获得了乡里宗族的支持,甚至有些胡主及其家族自身也壮大为乡里宗族。围绕乡里社会生活,展开对乡党、乡里宗族、乡里制度的经营,是胡主深化和加强自身统治,并实现民族融合的重要途径。认识到这一点,有助于进一步理解复杂的十六国胡汉民族关系。

The relations between the Hu nationalities (ethnic groups in the north and west of China in ancient times) and the Han nationality during the Sixteen Kingdoms Period were based on the concrete life of rural communities. The rulers of Hu nationalities established regimes by relying on fellow villagers or townsmen and then appointed some local fellow townsmen as officials. In addition, they supported exiled fellow clans to set up new prefectures in non-native regions after the old ones being occupied and enabled fellow clans to grow stronger. Thereafter, they resumed the rural electoral system and strengthened the screening and management of rural talents. All these efforts demonstrated that the rulers of the Sixteen Kingdoms had a deep understanding of and actual control over the rural communities. During this process, they gained support from the local patriarchal clans, and some rulers and their families even grew into big clans in the North China. In short, engagement in the local rural community life by attaching importance to fellow townsmen, rural clans and rural community systems was one of the important channels for rulers of the Sixteen Kingdoms to deepen and enhance their administration and realizing national amalgamation. Recognizing this will help us to further understand the complicated relations between Hu and Han nationalities in the Sixteen Kingdoms Period.