诺贝尔自然科学奖与科学发现

Nobel Prizes in Natural Science and Scientific Discoveries

以诺贝尔自然科学奖获奖成果的科学发现作为研究对象,可以探讨三个基本而又相互关联的问题:一是诺贝尔自然科学奖获奖成果是发现的还是发明的?这一问题阐释了广义的科学发现思想,科学发现的本质是人类一种复杂的创造性的实践活动,无论是科学事实的发现,还是科学理论的发现,都是包含了发明在内的发现。二是诺贝尔自然科学奖中的科学发现具有怎样的“发现期”?这一问题提出并阐明了“发现期”的概念,运用统计分析方法,揭示了诺贝尔自然科学奖中科学发现的“发现期”的主要性质与特征,在统计学的意义上实证了科学发现的十年磨一剑的“十年法则”。三是诺贝尔自然科学奖中的科学发现是怎样生产的?这里运用案例分析法,通过对获奖人从事获奖研究的具体过程的考析,提出并诠释了科学发现的逻辑超逻辑模式,阐发了科学发现始于问题的提出和终于问题的解答,以及科学发现富含意外的机遇性发现的观点,彰显了获奖人做出重大发现所具有的特质与品格。

Through a study of the prize-winning scientific discoveries of the Nobel Prizes for Natural Science, we can discuss three basic and interrelated questions. First, were prize-winning achievements of the Nobel Prizes for Natural Science discovered or invented? Based on the broad concept of scientific discovery, the answer is that the essence of a scientific discovery is a complex and creative practice by mankind;regardless of the discoveries of scientific facts or the discoveries of scientific theories, discoveries are in essence discoveries including inventions. Second, what is the "discovery period" of the prize-winning scientific discoveries of the Nobel Prizes for Natural Science? The concept of "discovery period" is put forward and clarified in the paper. The main nature and properties of the "discovery period" are revealed based on statistical analysis, which has proved the "Ten-Year Rule" in the statistical sense. Third, how are prize-wining scientific discoveries of the Nobel Prizes for Natural Science made? Through the case analysis of the specific processes that some noble prize winners carried out, this paper puts forward and explains the logic-super logic mode of scientific discovery, elucidates respectively the view that a scientific discovery begins with the raising of questions and ends with the solution of questions and the view that many scientific discoveries are the results of accidental opportunities, and finally manifests some traits and virtues that prize-winners of important discoveries have acquired.