三种典型正面小重叠碰撞试验对比分析

Comparison Analysis of Three Typical Small Overlap Collision Tests

随着NCAP以及碰撞安全技术法规的推动,汽车安全技术取得了飞跃式的发展,乘员在多种碰撞形态中均得到了很好的保护。然而统计数据表明:有一类小重叠率正面碰撞交通事故,仍会发生严重的乘员伤亡后果,究其原因在于这类碰撞事故中车辆不能发挥纵梁及车身结构的能量吸收作用,使得乘员舱发生严重变形,高的碰撞强度直接传递到乘员身上,从而导致乘员发生严重的伤害。鉴于国内外缺乏统一的小重叠碰撞测试评价方法的现状,首先对比分析了国外三种典型的小重叠碰撞(车对车(Car to Car, C2C)碰撞、IIHS碰撞、NHTSA碰撞)测试评价方法的差异性,随后针对某一车型,基于以上3种方法,进行了相应的实车碰撞试验,并就碰撞试验中车身运动姿态、碰撞强度(车身加速度、VPI指数)、乘员伤害、车身变形量等方面进行了深入的分析。研究结果表明:就车身运动姿态而言,NHTSA方法与C2C方法运动方向相同,且IIHS方法自身转动最为剧烈;在表征碰撞强度的车身加速度和VPI指数方面,NTHSA方法与C2C方法相似,IIHS强度最小;在假人伤害方面:NTHSA与C2C方法伤害曲线接近;在车身变形量方面,整体而言,三者处于同一水平,C2C方法变形量相对较大,IIHS与NTHSA方法变形量基本相当。综合车身加速度、运动姿态、变形量、假人伤害因素,NTHSA方法相比IIHS方法与C2C方法更为接近。

With the promotion of NCAP and collision safety technical regulations, the safety technology has achieved a leap-forward development, and the occupants have been well protected in various collision conditions. However,statistical data indicate that serious accidental casualties are still present in frontal collision traffic accidents with small overlap ratios. investigate its reason is that in the small overlap collisions did not have the energy absorption effect of the longitudinal beams and body structure, causing serious deformation of the passenger compartment, and high crash strength was transmitted directly to the occupants, causing serious injuries to the occupants. In view of the lack of unified small overlap crash test evaluation methods both at home and abroad, in this paper the differences between the three- typical small overlap test methods(Car to Car(C2C), IIHS(The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety)and NHTSA(National Highway Traffic Safety Administration)are compared and analyzed. Then actual car crash tests are carried out based on a car model adopts the above three methods, and in- depth analysis are conducted on the kinematics, collision strength (body acceleration, and Vehicle Pulse Index(VPI)), occupant injuries and car body deformation in the crash tests. The results show that, firstly NHTSA test is similar to the C2C test of car kinematics, while the IIHS test is the most violent in itself. In terms of collision strength and occupant injuries, the NHTSA test is similar to the C2C test and the IIHS test is the smallest. In the aspect of car body deformation, the test results of the three methods are at the same level, and the C2C test is relatively large in deformation, and IIHS and NTHSA test are basically the same. In combination with the body acceleration, kinematics, deformation and occupant injury factors, the NTHSA test is more similar to the C2C test than the IIHS test method.